tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27592281777691434752024-03-13T21:06:59.494-07:00Statistics projects writing servicesZackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.comBlogger245125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-11037818824046498562020-08-27T18:45:00.001-07:002020-08-27T18:45:06.029-07:00Teaching and Learning MultiliteraciesQuestion: Examine about the Teaching and Learning Multiliteracies. Answer: Presentation: The term multiliteracies had been instituted in 1996 by the New London Group and this term could be alluded as the multimodal methods of correspondence which likewise remembers the capacities of understudies for instructive framework for downplaying sight and sound and innovation (Willis, 2009). The fundamental objective of multiliteracies in instruction framework is to use multimodal correspondence framework thinking about different various dialects inside various societies and furthermore to use the capacities of understudies for getting sight and sound and innovation thinking about sound, images, video, messages and others with the goal that uniform information development and development could be guaranteed (Victoria State Government, 2009). In the ordinary training framework it was a noteworthy test for educates to help understudies for accomplishing a reasonable proficiency improvement through the tutoring time frame with the goal that more grounded proficiency abilities could be accomplished (Mills, 2008). Consequently using this suggestion with the customary instruction framework the New London Group built up the idea of multiliteracies in which innovation upgraded apparatuses of training could be embraced for understudies so they could improve their proficiency abilities and information with better comfort and productivity. It involves banter that how multiliteracies could be used by instructs inside training framework for guaranteeing better proficiency improvement everything being equal. Subsequently, it ought to be referenced here that there are four significant segments of multiliteracies which could be the principle factors for instructors inside instructive frameworks for helping each understudy with their proficiency improvement and these components are arranged practice, plain guidance, basic confining and changed activities (Mills, 2008). Elements of every one of these parts of multiliteracies have been talked about underneath, Arranged Practice The principle capacity of arranged practice in multiliteracies is to manage the understudies for incorporating their essential information with the goal that they could adopt the underlying strategy towards important learning rehearses (Ansty Bull, 2006). Obvious Instruction This segment of multiliteracies could be viably used by educators for controlling the understudies for planning with fresher instructive apparatuses and procedures with orderly act of learning strategies so better proficiency advancement could be guaranteed through legitimate usage of the innovation upgraded devices and methods of learning (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). Basic Framing The basic surrounding component in multiliteracies could be adequately used by instructs for urging the understudies to address about assorted discernments with the goal that better taking in encounters could be picked up from various parts of education as indicated by expanded inquiries of understudies (Victoria State Government, 2009). Changed Actions This segment of multiliteracies could be successfully used by teachers inside instructive framework for creating enthusiasm among the understudies for applying the took in exercises from the previous three parts in their genuine; life exercises and circumstances with the goal that education improvement could be guaranteed through down to earth use of information (Willis, 2009). Changed Practices or Actions It has been referenced in the previous area of this report changed practices is one of the four parts of multiliteracies and it is one of the most extraordinary segment of this more up to date instructive idea also. It could be a successful factor for empowering the practices among understudies for connecting their learning encounters inside their normal life study hall and individual life exercises (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). The fundamental idea of changed practices in multiliteracies is to support the methodologies of understudies for applying their took in exercises from innovation upgraded framework based hypothetical classes into genuine perspectives and circumstances with the goal that down to earth exercises could improve commitment to their individual proficiency advancement (Ansty Bull, 2006). Practical utilization of information, thinking power and intelligent capacities is the best path for improving the information advancement procedure of an individual and it is additionally compelling for empowering self learning rehearses in individuals also (Allan, 2013). Subsequently, it is evident that the methodology of changed practices in multiliteracies is successful for rousing understudies to apply their scholarly exercises, all things considered, exercises so they could assemble the way for their education improvement relying upon their own self-learning draws near (Willis, 2009). Presently it ought to be referenced that how instructs could assume a job for using changed practices inside an instructive framework for adding to the better information improvement of the understudies. The manner by which an instructor could empower understudies with the methodology of changed practices inside an instructive framework is to draw in them in corresponding discussions among one ano ther so thoughts and information could be shared starting with one social circumstance then onto the next (Allan, 2013). Changed practices in multiliteracies is viewed as the most important and powerful learning practice which plan the eventual fate of the general public through empowering the following ages for applying their scholarly exercises in their public activities (Wright et al 2013). Advantages of multiliteracies approach for helping all understudies to esteem decent variety It is said that a youth is the most rich condition of mind for learning the essential information and standards of life and it is additionally said that a youngster cerebrum is likewise exceptionally powerless against be impacted by misperceptions also. Thus, it is exceptionally evident that the training framework accessible to kids is the base for the advancement of their ethics, standards, information and coherent capacities (Victoria State Government, 2009). The most critical preferences of multiliteracies approach in instruction framework for helping all understudies to esteem decent variety have been examined beneath as indicated by various components of multiliteracies. As a matter of first importance changed practices in multiliteracies empowers the understudies for being occupied with corresponding discussion inside study hall or society with various social individuals having distinctive education observation (Sandretto Tilson, 2013). In this manner, information sharing through cooperation with various social individuals relying upon changed practices could be adequately useful for getting understudies far from customary considerations about other social individuals. In addition, it could likewise cause them to understand the estimation of assorted variety as a noteworthy requirement for information advancement and sharing (Allan, 2013). Then again, basic confining in multiliteracies is additionally adequately accommodating for empowering learning enthusiasm among understudies through propelling their practices for articulating inquiries from assorted recognition so answers could improve the education of all inside a study hall. Subsequently, better use of assorted variety of recognition in multiliteracies for better education advancement of the understudies could likewise improve the estimation of decent variety to them (Wright et al 2013). Skill levels and proficient practices are significant in each circle of life. It is essential to make reference to that the vast majority of the people gain so much of from their every day lives at home as well as at their work and subsequently mulling over the educated practices applied at work environment and home is a significant viewpoint. Individuals act diversely grinding away and home which are profoundly particular in their unique circumstances and subsequently one might say that the majority of the people apply distinctive education rehearses in various manners at home and at work since they comprehend the significance of these spots and furthermore comprehend that their conduct will think about their proficiency adequately. From the social perspective education is the manner in which individuals utilize their composed abilities in their own lives and from the perspective of business proficiency is composed aptitudes which encourages individuals to build up their hierarchica l circumstance which assists with understanding the authoritative destinations and permits meeting them (Wright et al., 2013). In both the circumstances proficiency rehearses are considered as the recognizable scenes which ponder the proficiency rehearses learned by individuals during their instruction. In expert and individual life education rehearses is critical. From the individual perspective there are various Literacies which are significant busy working just as at home. One of the key instances of proficiency practice actualized at work is composed abilities and IT education aptitudes for creating introduction and compelling composed correspondence which assists with passing on significant messages at work. Generally speaking one might say that the mix of composing and perusing education aptitudes is critical for me at work. Then again education rehearses at home could likewise be considered as close to home proficiency practice and subsequently comprehension of the diverse online networking applications and their association in the day by day lives have gotten exceptionally significant as the vast maj ority of the individuals like to be dynamic in Facebook, Twitter and different applications successfully (Willis, 2009). My education practices of showing my nephew and niece through digital books and tablet gadgets have been compelling for me to build up my own proficiency aptitudes. References Allan, L. (2013). Pioneers in instructive idea [Video file]. Recovered from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgciQLj-57k Ansty, M., Bull, G. (2006). Characterizing multiliteracies. In Teaching and learning multiliteracies: Changing occasions, evolving skill levels. Recovered from https://engres.ied.edu.hk/lang_arts/undertakings/curricRenew-2009/wk1/MultiliteraciesCh2AntesynBull.pdf Plants, K. A. (2008). Changed practice in an instructional method of multiliteracies. Instructional methods: An International Journa Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-15150238311215053472020-08-22T12:51:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:51:07.604-07:00Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official TestsPrintable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, I'll reveal to you where to locate all official, printable SAT practice tests andanswer keys. This far reaching guide gives you access to more SAT practice tests than some other online guide. Also, you'll learn key techniques that will assist you with making huge enhancements for SAT practice tests you can print out. Free Printable SAT Tests (Current 1600 Format, 2016-Present) At present, there are 10 accessible practice tests for the overhauled SAT, all of which have been given by the creator of the SAT itself, theCollege Board. These tests are the most perfect ones to use for your SAT examinations since they're the most like the test. Practice Test 1:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 6:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 7:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 8:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 9: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Practice Test 10: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Remember to fill in your answers with theSAT answersheet. Disillusioned with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the main 5 methodologies you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point: Free Printable SAT Tests (Old 2400 Format, 2005-2016) These next tests follow the old 2400format of the SAT, with independent Critical Reading, Math, and Writing segments. (On the other hand, on the present SAT, your Reading and Writing scores are consolidated for an absolute Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score.) Regardless of their to some degree obsolete structure, these tests can be helpful for your studying.Just keep in mindall the significant contrasts between the old and current SAT. I suggest utilizing these tests more as instructional courses than as all out training for the SAT. Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2013-14:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2012-13:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2007-08:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers It may look as if I've avoided a couple of years here, yet I really haven't: all the tests for the yearsnot recorded are rehashes of those above, including the 2011-12, 2010-11, 2009-10, 2008-09, 2006-07, and 2005-06 practice tests. So on the off chance that you discover these tests on different discussions or sites, don't burn through your time taking them since they're precisely the same as the ones previously recorded. We're going route once more into the past for this next arrangement of SAT tests. Free Printable SAT Tests (Very Old 1600 Format, Pre-2005) Before the SAT experienced an overhaul in 2016, the last time it had changed was in 2005, back when it bounced from a 1600-guide scale toward a 2400-point scale. In spite of this monstrous move in scoring, just a couple of significant contrasts could be found between the extremely old 1600 SAT and the old 2400 SAT. Other than those, the vast majority of the test continued as before. Thus, these extremely old SAT practice tests are a shrouded gold minethat barely any understudies know about. By stepping through these exams, at that point, you'll have considerably more of an edge over other test takers. Before I give you the connections, however, note a couple of significant provisos: You can avoid the analogies inquiries on Reading. These are the issues that resemble Vehicle : ENGINE ::. Since they're no longer on the SAT, there's no reason for considering them. You can skirt the examination inquiries on Math. This inquiry type presents two boxes and pose to you to choose whether An or B is more noteworthy. Once more, these aren't on the present SAT, so you don't have to stress over these. There is no Writing segment on these tests.Therefore, ensure you utilize valuable prep materials to contemplate the syntax and question types you'll have to know for the present SAT's Writing and Language area. Be thankful you don't have to answer a portion of these old-group questions-analogies were the essential explanation that the SAT had gained notoriety for constraining understudies to retain vocab! Official SAT Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2003-04:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2002:Questions + Answers Official SAT Test 2001:Questions + Answers 6 Tips for Getting the Most Out Of SAT Practice Tests Each SAT practice test requires around four hours of extraordinary center, so it's essential to use them adequately. The following are six basic strategiesto follow each time you take a training test. #1: Print Out the Test and Take It on Paper Since the SAT is a paper test (rather than a PC test), it's ideal to take the training tests on paper. Likewise, ensure youdo your scratch work straightforwardly on the test.Don't get out discrete bits of scratch paper to use since on the real test you won't get any scratch paper (however will be permitted totake notes legitimately in your test booklet). At long last, in case you're taking the discretionary Essay segment, work on composing your exposition utilizing the fixed paper included with your training test. #2: Use Strict Timing on Each Section Despite the fact that time weight can be intimidating,it's critical to follow official SAT time restrains as intently as conceivable onpractice tests. Why? In the event that, for instance, you spend only two additional minutes on an area, this could raise your score by many focuses, since the additional time permitted you to respond to a greater number of inquiries than you would've had the option to inside the genuine time limit. Therefore, your training SAT score gets expanded and doesn't give you an exact marker of your genuine scoring capacity. Here's a diagram of the official time limits for each SAT segment just as to what extent you ought to spend (generally) per question: SAT Section Time # of Questions Time per Question Perusing 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Composing and Language 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator 25 minutes 20 75 seconds Math Calculator 55 minutes 38 87 seconds Ensure togive yourself breaks, as well! #3: Take the Test in One Sitting The SAT is a long distance race of a test, lasing around four hours on an early Saturday morning. A significant number of my understudies have revealed to me that it was so hard to remain centered the whole time and shield themselves from committing indiscreet errors toward the end. Getting ready for the SAT resembles preparing for a long distance race: you have to guarantee you have enough endurance to endure the test.And the most ideal approach to do this is to take each training test at a time, as though you were taking the genuine SAT. In the event that it's unreasonably hard for you to discover an opportunity to take a training test at a time, feel free to separate it more than a few days-simply ensure youadhere to as far as possible for each area. Eventually, it's smarter to do some SAT practice than none by any means! #4: Review Your Mistakes (and Your Correct Answers, Too) Practice tests aren't only useful for becoming acquainted with the SAT organization and areas they're likewise extraordinary for gaining from your slip-ups. For each training SAT test you take, invest energy inspecting the two inquiries you got off-base and questions you got right. On the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea why you missed an inquiry, don't simply skip it and proceed onward; doing this implies you won't realize what sort of mix-up you made, raising your danger of making it again and again. This propensity can hamper your score pretty definitely. So make a point to move toward your SAT prep in light of this: quality over amount. I'd preferably have you take three practice tests with itemized survey than six practice tests with no audit. #5: Take At Least 4 Practice Tests Before the Actual SAT From my involvement in a large number of understudies, this enchantment number works best at getting understudies extremely alright with the SAT in every significant regard, including timing and perseverance. On the off chance that you need to step through multiple examinations, feel free to give it a shot simply ensure that you offset your prep with some centered concentrating around your shortcomings so you can gain quicker ground. #6: Use Supplemental Resources If Necessary A few understudies are incredible at learning the intricate details of the SAT through training tests alone-they perceive their missteps, comprehend why they made them, and abstain from making them later on. In any case, most understudies need extra assistance to pinpoint their shortcomings and show them the abilities and methodologies required for progress on the SAT. On the off chance that training tests aren't sufficient for you, download our free manual for assist you with making sense of which SAT prep strategy works best for you. What's Next? Need to get an ideal SAT score?Take a look atour renowned manual for a 1600, composed by a specialist SAT immaculate scorer. Reaching skyward on each SAT segment? At that point read our person, inside and out system advisers for assist you with coming to an800 on SAT Reading, SAT Math, and SAT Writing. Need to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the business' driving SAT prep program. Worked by Harvard graduates and SAT full scorers, the program learns your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge insights, at that point redoes your prep program to you so you get the best prep conceivable. Look at our 5-day free preliminary today: Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-40283166354036762322020-08-21T10:32:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:32:25.687-07:00Essay Topics About Serving the CommunityEssay Topics About Serving the CommunityOne of the essay topics about serving the community is how an individual, group or organization started out. The simplest and most honest explanation will be the most effective.Before starting a community service organization, consider starting one at home, with a friend. Ask for help with donations, sponsorships or for volunteers. List down the main benefits of volunteering for one day or a few hours a week.You may be surprised to learn that most people are working and cannot afford a good life. That is why we all need to be aware of our impact on others in such a way that they will understand and support what we do. How can you make a difference? How can you help the community?Another essay topic about serving the community is volunteer work, such as working for a church, a non-profit or a community service organization. With the advent of volunteerism, there are many possibilities that come from that are so many and varied. The question is h ow will we find our niche. What is our area of interest?A different way to help the community is by working directly with individuals who require personal contact. Personal interaction with the recipient of your assistance will help them to see the situation in a different way.Since so many people would like to get involved in the service but find it very difficult, it is recommended that you search for what you want to help others by seeking out help. While you cannot get a government grant to pay for your dream job, you can get a grant to pay for a service. The question remains whether you have the passion and dedication to do the task.Askyour family member or friend if they would like to take on a helping you with writing your essay topic about serving the community. Or if you cannot find a friend, it is best to seek out help from a mentor. A mentor would offer the assistance needed for you to research and write an effective essay about serving the community.There are many opport unities to write essays about the service at home. It is important to research and find the areas that interest you. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-91647384412420089852020-05-26T02:23:00.001-07:002020-05-26T02:23:03.599-07:00Project Management Essay - 1644 Words Project Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting up a team structure, specifying responsibilities, lines of command and reporting 3) Motivating the team, and establishing communication channels 4) Project planning, scheduling and progress control 5) Managing and controlling change to the systemâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A type of advertisement of what is needed to fill the post will have to be drawn up then advertised, internally and externally through national, local and technical press or other media. People who are experienced, loyal, motivated, with good team spirit and have ambition are desired. Personal recommendations, Interviews, aptitude, references and psychometric testing are methods that can be used to select the right individual. The individual does not have to be a great manager as they can sent on various courses to improve their managerial skills. The person might have the majority of the attributes required but no knowledge in the task that needs caring out. In the event that no suitable person is found to lead the team the project might have to be carried out by external contractors. The Project Team The number of people in the team would depend on the size of the project and nature, the skills from the individuals that would be needed to complete the project. The project team would also have sub teams specialist in their field. A project about implementing a new computer system would require IT specialist staff, user representatives. Teams are brought together at the start of the project as it allows them to become efficient due to good communication. The selection of the project management team can be a very difficult process, because the teamShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words à |à 4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as ââ¬Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a systemâ⬠. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words à |à 13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words à |à 6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organizationââ¬â¢s operational and financial goals ââ¬â¢ while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words à |à 4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statementâ⬠(comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words à |à 6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words à |à 7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words à |à 8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstractâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..3 Introductionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦4-5 View point of project managementâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦5 Outlook of the projectâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventoryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦6-7 WBSâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦7 Plan of project managementâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings planâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words à |à 7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words à |à 5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-91053654624970873752020-05-15T08:58:00.001-07:002020-05-15T08:58:04.418-07:00Analysis Mary Shellys Frankenstein and David Fincher - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1046 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? There was a young boy who father was a drug addict and always in and out of jail. One day the young boy mother took her children and moved somewhere where his dad couldnt find them. He was a very abusive dad especially toward the young boy mother. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Mary Shellys Frankenstein and David Fincher" essay for you Create order Now the mother is a single mom of three girls and one boy. By the age of 12 years old the boy lived a criminal life outside of his mother home. Skipping school, getting in trouble at school everyday, and got into a gang. Eventually he drop out of school and was always in and out of jail. His father absent in his life caused a emotion effect on him. He didnt know how to deal with his emotions. In these two films Frankenstein directed by Kenneth Branagh and written by Mary Shelly, and Fight club directed by David Finchers and written by Jim Uhis. If we take a deeper look at the characters in Frankenstein and Fight club we might understand their outrageous behavior, of Tyler Durden and the creature played Robert Dinero, was a result of their father absent and neglect. The characters, the theme, and the visual elements of these two movies was overall great. Taking a look into Mary Shellys Frankenstein the creature was given life than abandon after he was created. My viewing on Frankenstein is just like a father in real life a father absent takes a effect on a male. Even thought the scientist Frankenstein wasnt the creature birth father he was his creator. In the creature eyes he was his father because he gave him life. Just like in real life a male who does not have their father in life their life to teach them how to love, and deal with emotions. The creature did not know how to deal with his emotions because he was never taught how to. The creature has hurt and killed people all because his father abandon him it left him with a emotional effect. There was a part in the movie when Frankenstein dies the creature was weeping hard. When ask by a man why do you weep the creature replies he was my father. All the creature ever wanted was to be loved and accepted by someone. In the film fight club just like in the character in the Frankenstein movie the character Tyler suffer from emotional effects. His father absent lead him to live a life of crime. Today society we have a lot of single mothers raising their childrens alone. In the movie Tyler mention his dad left when he was six years old. A women can not teach a boy how to be a man. We have a generation of man raised by women. Tyler did not know how to deal with his emotions because he didnt have a man to teach him how to deal with certain emotions. Because of the absent of his father and not knowing how to deal with his emotions. He created a alter ego in his head that displays his strong side. When ask if can fight anybody who will it be he replies back I will fight my father. That lets you know that his father being absent affected him in his adult hood. The theme of the movie is isolation both Frankenstein the scientist and the creator were victims of isolation. The scientist suffer from isolation when he isolated himself in his lab. He didnt reply back to any of the letters his family send him. His wife came to check on him because she was worried that something was wrong. When she arrives she finds him in his lab. He send her off told her to go back home he needed to be alone for his research. He chose his research over his family. The creator felt isolated because he could not go around people. People feared him because of the way he looked they were afraid of him. The creator is the only one of his kind, so he feels very isolated. Also the theme for the movie fight club was isolation. Tyler suffers from insomnia and dissatisfaction of his life. During the beginning of the movie Tyler does not have any friends. He attends support groups meeting just to feel some type of human connection. He did not have a life outside of work thats why he attends group meetings. The visual element of Frankenstein movies was the close up on the creator as he weeps over Frankenstein body. The way the camera zooms in on the creatures face as he tells the man he was my father. Zooming the camera in on the creature face does not forces his emotion on us. Looking at the hurt in the creator eyes as he weep all he wanted was to be loved and accepted by his creator. This moment in the film we start to feel sympathy for the creator. Likewise the visual element in the film fight club was when the camera flashes pass the city streets to survey project mayhem. The scene also shows all the destructive equipment laying in the underground parking lot. The sequence of the scene was a three dimensional composition of a hundreds photographs of Los Angeles and century city. The final scene of the explosion of the credit card building blowing up and collapsing. This scene was designed by Richard Bailey he worked on this scene for fourteen months. In the final analysis, Frankenstein and Fight club was a great movies to watch. Both movies shows the emotional effects of how a fathers absent can cause destruction in male lifes. The directors of both films did a awesome job with these movies. I thought I was not going to be interested any of these movies because of how long ago they came out. I was wrong both of the films were gave you different kinds of genres. Frankenstein film gave you gothic fiction, science fictions, and horror. While fight club gave you action, drama, and black comedy. Overall the films was really good movies to watch I will give both movies five out of five stars. No, neither one of the directors won any awards for their movies, but they was great movies. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-7078629629614028032020-05-06T16:23:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:23:27.710-07:00Greek Myths And Stories Serve A Greater Purpose - 1799 Words Greek myths and stories serve a greater purpose than to simply entertain someone. These stories also serve as a way to teach important lessons and explain the history of certain things. Although the Epic of Gilgamesh, The Illiad,The Ramayana, and the Golden Compass are all very different they all have similar aspects that connect the stories and serve a greater purpose. These myths and stories serve as an insider into what it was like to live in that specific society. Myths allow us to learn what was not only expected of the citizens but also what was considered normal during this time.Myths teach us important life lessons and practice that instill better characteristics in those that hear them. Even thousands of years later these stories continue to influence our society and help to shape future generations to come. The Epic of Gilgamesh gives a great insight into the culture and society of Mesopotamia. This epic serves as a way to show the progress human nature makes over time. For example, in the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh wasnââ¬â¢t the best person, he was hated by a lot of people. ââ¬Å"the men of Uruk muttered their houses,â⬠¦His lust leaves no virgin to her lover,neither the warriorââ¬â¢s daughter nor the wifeâ⬠(Gilgamesh,2).This quote shows how the citizens arenââ¬â¢t happy with Gilgamesh. Throughout his journey he was able to progress and become a better person with the help of Enkidu, ââ¬Å" Bitterly Gilgamesh wept for his friendâ⬠(Gilgamesh,21)this quote shows how with EnkiduShow MoreRelatedHeracles: The New Jesus Essay1280 Words à |à 6 Pages Most mythologies contain borrowed aspects from older accounts of the same stories. Myths serve to answer the questions mankind was and is unable to answer simply. Because of the yearning for knowledge mankind has always held, those who were looked towards for answers often had similar explanations based on what they were once told. This sharing of information has given historians an array of mythologies from across the world that can be placed on a semi-clear time line as they adapted and partsRead MoreCultural Heroes Essay1029 Words à |à 5 PagesThe lit erature of a culture is a reflection of its beliefs. This is true of its mythology. In a fantasy setting, the qualities that a society exalts in a protagonist, here the hero of the myth, can be fully manifested, without being restricted by reality. Although these qualities differ, the principle remains the same throughout these cultures. Despite the differences chronologically and geographically between India, ancient Greece, and modern America, their heroes are similar in their superhumanRead MoreMyths According to Joseph Campbell1161 Words à |à 5 PagesKevin Gerbier What is a myth? When one thinks of a myth perhaps one thinks about a story being told by the fire, or a dramatic tale about an invincible hero, or perhaps a cosmological occurrence that caused everything to be. Personally, when I think of the word myth, I think of the ancient Greeks or Romans with their many gods and goddesses; however, to most, the story being told by a myth is simply that, just a story. To most the term ââ¬Å"mythâ⬠has been confused for a legend or folklore. TheRead MoreMyths Serve Four Basic Functions Essay2086 Words à |à 9 PagesJoseph Campbell informs readers that myths serve four basic functions to humans individually and to society as a whole. The first of these functions is mystical. According to this function, myth provides us with the opportunity to experience the amazement and wonder of the universe. Campbell informs us that myth opens up ââ¬Å"the dimension of mysteryâ⬠(p. 38), and this mystery is what causes us to be amazed and awe struck with the Earth and with ourselves in relation to the Earth and the universe. ThereforeRead MoreThe Symology Of Autochthony, By Vincent Rosivach1013 Words à |à 5 Pagesthreefold theory which places the development of the idea of autochthony much later than commonly attributed. His most powerful argument centers around the etymology of the word, providing a proper, thorough analysis of how the root-prefix is used in Greek to mean numerous things. The political argument Rosivach makes near the end of the paper makes sense on the surface, but ultimately ends up being unsatisfactory ââ¬â raising numerous important questions about Athenian citizens and how they viewed themselvesRead MoreClassical Tragedies And Romantic Tragedies2060 Words à |à 9 Pagesthe audience in sensations of pity and fear and bring forth catharsis, purging the body of these emotional humors and to bring forth enlightenment in the mechanics of man made gods and men. However it is safe to say that in this current era, the stories of kings and gods are no longer relatable. To understand how modern tragedy as a dramatic genre has changed, one must delve into the history of both Classical and Romantic eras to show that itââ¬â¢s evolution has been dependent on the needs of the peopleRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein 1646 Words à |à 7 PagesMary Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein is a mishmash of stories within stories within a story, and several other texts are referenced within this amalgamation of literature. The intertextual links made in Frankenstein help to provide the reader with a greater insight into the mind of Mary Shelley and her most famous work. References to the text Paradise lost and Greek mythology in the development of characters adds depth to a tale of creation and destruction, causing the questions Shelley asks about humanityRead MoreThe Educated Imagination: Chapter 5 Essay850 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿The Spectrums Purpose The fifth chapter of The Educated Imagination, ââ¬Å"The Verticals of Adamâ⬠by Northrop Frye, explains his feelings about the necessity for children to be exposed to some fundamental texts in the literary spectrum in a certain order to best enable them to understand twentieth century society. The understanding of the Christian Bible, and Greek/Roman mythology are said by Frye to be key factors in how a child will interpret future literature. It is noted by Frye that the bibleRead MorePlato, The, And The Myth Of Er1757 Words à |à 8 PagesIn 399 BCE, nineteen years before Plato transcribed Republic, classical Greek philosopher Socrates was formally put on trial and executed on the citation of two ââ¬Å"impiousâ⬠acts: having ââ¬Å"failed to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledgesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"introducing new deities.â⬠These two recognized accusations, and the punishment that Socrates paid for them through a poisonous hemlock-based liquid, was witnes sed by his student, Plato. Plato was inspired to later write Socratic works and dialogues dedicatedRead MoreAnthropomorphism in Greek Myth Essay2304 Words à |à 10 PagesPaper #1: The role of anthropomorphism in Greek mythology. God created man in his image, and man, being a gentleman, returned the compliment. -Mark Twain In his beginning, man was part of nature. He knew little about the causes of natural phenomenon and certainly knew of no way to control them. This is perhaps the reason for his creation of ritual and later religion. As man evolved he began to consider the possibilities of gaining some type of control over his environment. If nature Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-52517291069051670742020-05-05T19:13:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:13:08.069-07:00Strategic Management Tools and Techniques Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Tools and Techniques. Answer: Strategy Strategy in a business refers to the plan in any organization, in such a way to accomplish the goals. It also refers to accomplish the goals in time with a proper planning. Need of strategy Strategy is important for every business. A company without the strategy does not have its defined goals and therefore it will not follow a right path to obtain its goals. Without strategy they will get away from their task and will become uncompetitive. Basically strategies are the different ideas which are created by the company to do work in a proper manner. Like in Air Asia, their strategy was to use the low airfare to attract more customers (Bradley, 2017). So, they have made plans to how to reduce the air fares. These types of plans are referred to as strategies. Organizations functional level strategies In an organization, plans are prepared to gain in the field of the production, grow financially and satisfy the customers. These are prepared separately and function with respect to their individual unit like in production plans are prepared regarding raw materials, execution and assembling. So, therefore plans are prepared according to the work and to achieve the goals. In an organization like Air Asia their strategy initially was to ensure a low airfare airline. They started with the aim of reducing the airfare. They had made plans to do so, by reducing the cost per average seat. Therefore, at the starting they were having 51000 passengers a day with 54 fleets. Their fare was 50 Ringgit which was less than $ 15 (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2009). This has been the lowest airfare ever offered in 2007. This strategy of low fare helped them to rise, as a proper plan was made and was accomplished in a proper manner. After that their main aim was to focus on increasing their fleets. The y have almost tripled their fleets in 2014 by gaining 180 planes. Strategic Management Strategic management is basically management of the customers within respect to customer needs, satisfy those needs, satisfy customers with respect to prices and developing strategies to do so. Therefore, the managers of the organization, look for the different techniques and make plans to achieve the goals. Management provides the direction, so as the policies should be implemented (McGahan McGahan, 2006). These policies help in good organization performance. Organizational performance is the main part of the strategic management. Therefore, strategies are made to improve the organization performance. Strategic management had played an important role in Air Asia. Initially they aimed at reducing the airfare per passenger. After that the aim was to increase the number of fleets and number of passengers. From 2007 to 2014 the aims were accomplished and there was an impressive growth of the Air Asia in that period. Strategic management has played an important role in the growth (Anna, 2015). Strategic Planning Strategic planning is the process in which an organization determines what are its main goals and do the planning to achieve these goals. Planning helps in analyzing of day to day work and helps in doing the work in a proper format. It helps everybody in understanding the common goal of the organization. It gives a clear view of the goals and the policies of the company which are made for the good organizational performance (McIlquham-Schmidt, 2010). Like as in Air Asia, a proper plan was made and the work is done according to that plan. Planning is the initial and most important part in making and growth in a company. Strategic Agility Strategic agility is defined as the ability of the companies to be competitive and adapt new ideas and innovations in the company to create new products and to satisfy customers according to their needs. The need of competitiveness comes from the surrounding environment in which the company is working and what is the main aim or the goals of the company. The surrounding or the same level of company gives a competitive environment and new innovations help the companies to get upgraded. Strategic Agility helps in the survival and growth of the company (Mavengere, 2013). Organisations' competitive advantage A competitive advantage is an advantage gained by a company over its competitors by providing them similar things or similar products at lower prices. This gives an advantage to a company over the competitor company. This advantage will give growth to the organization. Therefore, for the successful expansion of the business, the organization has to gain some advantage over the competitors to build up their customers. It is a single key constituent to the company success and provide a greater advantage to the company. A similar to that of Air Asia has given its customers the advantage of low fare. It has the lowest fares with its competitors in the market with similar benefits and services (Gautam Singh, 2009). So, the expansion of the business was very rapid in the case of Air Asia. In 2007 they had only 54 fleets and in 2014 it became 180, so the expansion was very rapid due to the advantage given by Air Asia. Sustenance of competitive advantage The competitive advantage is sustained as long as the competitor company does not get that advantage. If other companies also get the same competitive advantage the sustainability comes into doubt. But, if the other competitors simultaneously get the same advantage, but the benefits of that company are not similar then the advantage will sustain. The competitive advantages are sustained if a firm has a firstly valuable product in less price or we can say that the similar benefits to its customers in same price. Therefore, it will gain an advantage and will not have any threats from its competitors (Popa Dobrin, 2011). The second will be the product or the benefit is rare among the competitors. Thirdly, the benefit could not be copied easily. And lastly, that there should not be any other substitute for the similar benefit or the product. If these benefits are incorporated by the company the advantage can be sustained longer. Likely to that of Air Asia, it had a unique and rare advan tage to its competitor Malaysia Airlines. The fares to the Air Asia, was initially in 1996 was not that much lower. So initially it does not gain any advantage, but later in 2001 it reduced its fare, which was a considerably low as that of the Malaysia Airlines. This made a competitive advantage for the Air Asia. There were similar benefits given to the passengers as that of Malaysia Airlines but at a lower cost. So, the advantage sustained as no potential company took over the similar advantage of lowering the price as that of the Air Asia. Organizations Environment: Internal and External Analysis Organization environment consists of both external and internal factors. These factors are important to analyze the present problems and the future success of the organization. These are important to determine the factors which will be responsible for the growth and success of the company. Basically, this analysis plays a very important role in the growth of the company. The analysis helps us to determine the internal as well as external factors that will help in the growth of the organization. Internal analysis This analysis helps in the scanning of the internal environment of the organization. It refers to the interaction between the employees, managers, head of the company. Meetings and discussions are used to analyze the internal environment of the organization. Internal environment helps in evaluating the capabilities and competencies. It also helps in looking forward to the strategies, goals and developing innovative strategies to accomplish the goals. It gives the organization a platform to identify the weakness and strengths of an organization and to focus on the strategies which will help overcome the weaknesses. Therefore, internal analysis helps in following ways: Identifying the weakness and strengths of the organization. Helps in determining the capabilities of the organization regarding the current market opening. Evaluating the efficiency of the company. Identifying the area which can give the company advantage over the competitors (Andrei, Claudiu, Gabriela, 2011). Air Asia initially was at a loss as the key feature in their marketing was the only the difference between the fare. But the difference was not most effective to attract the customers. Therefore, by analyzing the key factors and by making the best strategies, Air Asia became one of the best used flights. By lowering the airfare it has gained the competitive advantage and so does the growth. External environment analysis Due to the competition the external environment becomes one of the most important feature to analyze. As working in the similar area, it is important to determine the needs of the customers and to work on that for gaining the competitive advantage. The external environment is dynamic and therefore analysis is very important so as to maintain the position in the market. Organizations have to be aware of the external environment and have to determine the threats that are from the competitors who can acquire the market. External analysis consists of the factors that include competitors, customers and resources (Pakkanen, 2012). Competitors Due to the increase in the competition, it is necessary to identify the competitions of the organization. The competitors are the organizations who deal in the similar products or similar services in the same market area. For an organization, it is important to analyze the skills and size of the competitor. This will help in gaining the advantage over the competitors. Customers Customers are the most important and critical aspect of an organization. Customers should be most valuable for an organization as they are the ones with whom the organization is growing, so the organization should satisfy the needs of the customers. Customers focusses mainly on the lower price of the product or services in lower prices. An organization has to work on the similar grounds to make or to provide services at lower prices to satisfy the customers (Munich Personal, 2017). Also, they should design, user friendly and innovative products or services to attract the customers. Resources An organization depends upon the availability of resources for its working these resources are financial, raw materials and skilled employees. Financial resources provide an operational support to an organization. For a new growing organization, it is important to have financial support so that it could add up the resources to grow. Every organization requires raw materials for making the products and providing services. If the supply of the materials is barred, then it is difficult for an organization to provide service to the customers. Raw materials include subparts, work sent on the lease or the space occupied on lease. Also skilled workers are important so as to increase the growth of the company. As the competition increases the new trends in the market comes. Therefore, to innovate new products and to provide services efficiently skilled workers are very important. Similar to Air Asia, the external and internal factors have affected a lot. Internal factors were like developing strategies for reducing the fares and providing the customers the best services. Whereas the external factors were the political factors like a Malaysian government was supportive to Air Asia in domestic routes. So this acted as a support from the external environment. External factors like competitors like Malaysia airlines was having its fare higher. So, this factor also helped Air Asia to grow by keeping their fares low. Generic Strategy applied on Air Asia Generic strategy is given by Porter so that a company can use them to gain from the strategy. This strategy is based on low cost, focus and differentiation. Low cost strategy involves the lowering of the cost of services or the price of the product. Differentiation focus on the innovation that is different in terms of technology in the product or innovation in the service provided to the customers. Whereas, focus strategy is based on entering the market by concentrating on its resources (Budhiarta, 2009). However, the generic strategy applied by Air Asia focuses on the cost of the services provided by the organization. Air Asia was the low cost airline originated in Malaysia. In the year 1996, the airfare of Air Asia was not much differentiating as compared to its competitive airline that was Malaysian Airlines. Then, the Air Asia undergoes a major transformation that turned into a low fare airline with high profits from a non profit airline, It adopted the low cost generic strategy. Air Asia was inspired by an Irish airline called Ryaniar which was a low fare airline. After that in the year 2001, the air Asia reduced the fare of its airlines and it was about $ 15. This made a great change to the airlines. At that time Air Asia had 54 fleets with 51000 passengers travelling, but the fleets increased to 180 in the year 2014. The Air Asias revenue model was based on relatives and visiting friends and small business travelers. The revenue formula followed the low fare approach. Only online bookings were done on the internet only. And to enhance simplicity ticket less travel was the main focus. The competitor of Air Asia was Malaysian Airlines, whose fare was quite high with respect to that of Air Asia. So, the Air Asia took the advantage of the competitors so as to take control over the market. Air Asia was lowest airfare airline in the year 2007 and has recorded a good profit. Michael Porters Five forces Michael five forces analysis the competition in the market. Here is Porters five forces analysis on AirAsia. This tool was developed by Michael E Porter in 1980. It is the analysis of the forces that affect the competition in an industry and its profitability. The forces are as follows: Bargaining power of supplier (Weak force) Bargaining power of buyers (Moderate force) Level of competition rivalry (Strong force) Threat of substitutes (Moderate force) Threat of new entrants (Weak force) Suppliers affects the business through the availability of the raw material. Raw material for Air Asia is a land on lease, services provided by the airlines, etc. So, it is useful to tackle the suppliers influence on industry environment. Due to the some external forces the weak bargaining power of the suppliers is created which are large population of the suppliers, moderate size of individual suppliers and high overall supply. Due to the high competition in the area of suppliers the organization is least affected from individual suppliers. Therefore, moderate size of individual suppliers does not affect the business because of moderate influence. Therefore, this element of the Five Forces Analysis shows that Air Asia experiences only a weak force representing the bargaining power of suppliers (Afshar, 2013). Customer directly influences the business, so this element of the force shows that how important customer preferences is important for a business. It also determines the competitiveness of the industry. There are external factors that contribute to the bargaining power of the customers. These are low switching cost, moderate substitute availability and small size of individual buyers. The cost is a main factor. Low switching cost enables a customer to take services from other airlines. The moderate availability of substitutes give customers other options to that of Air Asia. But, the small size of the individual does not that much affect the company. These external factors lead to moderate bargaining of the customers. This element of the Five Forces Analysis shows that the force of customers is a major consideration in Air Asia as the customers help in the growth of the organization. This element shows how competition influences the industry. There is a tough competition in taking the market shares of each other. Airlines like Malaysia Airlines show a tough competition. Air Asia should focus on the market development and services to the customer, so as to take this advantage to gain market share. A competitive advantage is must to gain the market share. Air Asia gained the advantage of low fare. But, to remain in market different strategies has to be developed to gain market share (Nurul, 2012). Substitutes pose a threat to the every organization. Air Asia is a leading player in Malaysia, but many substitutes are posing the competition for it. This element identifies the force of substitution in the global market. But, due to the moderate availability of the substitutes the threat is also moderate. There are substitutes for the Air Asia. But due to moderate performance and high price of the substitute compared to Air Asia, customers likelihood is weak. If the substitute also lowers cost it adds a point to the likelihood. Therefore, substitute exert a moderate force against Air Asia. The new entrants threat is considered to be low. As the new business, investment is not done at very large scale. The high cost of brand development makes it difficult to pose a threat to a big airline like Air Asia. Also new entrants require skilled workers and investment which takes time. Conclusion For an organization like Air Asia to grow there must be an advantage over the competitors which help in the growth of the organization. Also, the sustenance of the advantage is necessary so as to maintain the position in the market. Any organization should follow a different strategy that makes it unique from other organization. These advantages have made customers to get more attracted towards the organization which will result in the profit and growth of the organization. References Afshar, M. (2013, October 02). Porter's five forces and value chain model AirAsia. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mariammana/task2-tc644mariam-afsharp67787 Andrei, P., Claudiu, C., Gabriela, P. (2011). Internal environment analysis techniques. Retrieved from https://steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2011/n2/105.pdf Anna, A. (2015, September). Strategic Management Tools and Techniques and Organizational Performance: Findings from the Czech Republic. Journal of Competitiveness , 7(3), 19 - 36. Retrieved from https://www.cjournal.cz/files/193.pdf Bradley, J. (2017). Functional Business Strategy. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/functional-business-strategy-61991.html Budhiarta, R. (2009). Air Asia Strategic Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/14214973/Air-Asia-Strategic-Analysis Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. (2009). From Strategy to Business Models and to Tactics. HBR. Retrieved from https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/10-036.pdf Gautam, O., Singh, V. (2009). Competitive Advantage through Sustainability: Value Chain Approach Frontier for Organisations. Gurukul Kangri University. Retrieved from https://www.imtnagpur.ac.in/pdf/working%20papers/working%20papers%20icsms/Prof.Omvir%20Gautam.pdf Mavengere, N. (2013). Information Systems Role in Strategic Agility. A supply chain context, University of Tampere. Retrieved from https://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/94651/978-951-44-9291-4.pdf;sequence=1 McGahan, J., McGahan, A. (2006). The Field of Strategic Management within the Evolving Science of Strategic Organization. Boston University. Retrieved from https://business.illinois.edu/working_papers/papers/06-0119.pdf McIlquham-Schmidt, A. (2010). Strategic planning and corporate performance. What is the relationship? . Aarhus University, Department of Management . Retrieved from https://www.hha.dk/man/cmsdocs/WP/2010/wp2010_02.pdf Munich Personal. (2017). The Impact Of External Environment On Organizational Development Strategy. Retrieved from https://www.techrepublic.com/resource-library/whitepapers/the-impact-of-external-environment-on-organizational-development-strategy/ Nurul. (2012, February 16). Porter's 5 forces analysis on Air Asia. Retrieved from https://nurul-nurulshark18.blogspot.in/2012/02/porters-5-forces-analysis-on-air-asia.html Pakkanen, T. (2012). Internal and external analysis. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/51954/Pakkanen_Tia-Maria.pdf?sequence=1 Popa, I., Dobrin, C. (2011, November). Competitive advantage in the public sector. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 6(4), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.um.ase.ro/no64/5.pdf Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-27105331072075038342020-04-13T02:17:00.001-07:002020-04-13T02:17:02.122-07:00Business Structures free essay sample Starting a business involves a large amount of planning. Part of this planning is determining what type of business structure is the proper structure for the business. There are several types of business structures. The purpose of this paper is to identify the different business structures, and to explain how each business structure may and might not be advantageous. Business Structures There are three different types of business structures. The first type of business structure is a sole proprietorship structure. The second type of business structure is a partnership structure and the third type of business structure is a corporation structure. Sole Proprietorship In the sole proprietorship structure an individual owns and operates the business. The sole proprietorship structure is the easiest legal structure to engage in when starting a business. Because the fees to obtain a business name and certificate are minimal a sole proprietorship is an inexpensive way to begin a business. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Structures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An individual who prefers complete authority with the business decisions and is limited on funds a sole proprietorship is the ideal structure. The results are that the earnings are taxed only once and can be taxed as personal income. The disadvantages of the sole proprietorship structure are that the individual is liable for everything. This includes the companyââ¬â¢s financial status. Another disadvantage is that it is hard to receive financial backing for a sole proprietorship structured business. Partnership Another business structure is the partnership structure. In a partnership structure the ownership and operation of the business is between several people. There are two types of partnerships, general, and limited. A general partnership can be a written agreement between two or more people and a limited partnership will limit the liability of each partner according to their capital investment. A partnership structure requires trust and support between the partners. Tax benefits are the advantages for a partnership structure as well as sharing of financial and operational aspects of the business. The disadvantage of the partnership structure is the risk of personal liabilities and expenses. Corporation The corporation structure has multiple owners and operators and is complex and expensive. There are different types of structures to the corporation structure. The first is general corporations. The most common is the general corporation. The company is a separate legal entity, owned by stockholders. The number of stockholders are limited, and they protected by business predators (university of Phoenix, 2013). The advantages to a general corporation are the ability to make loans and that personal assets are protected from business debt or liability. The disadvantages of the general corporation are that it is a difficult corporation and this type of corporation requires the assistance of an attorney. The next corporation structure is the Subchapter S corporation structure. Small business owners mostly use the Subchapter S corporation structure. The advantages of the Subchapter S corporation structure are tax savings, business expense tax credit, and the ability to separate an independent life from shareholders (University of Phoenix, 2013). The disadvantages are shareholders compensations requirements and a stricter operational process. Finally there is the limited liability company LLC. The limited liability company is not a corporation, but offers advantages similar to the Subchapter S corporation structure. The limited liability company has fewer ownership restrictions as the Subchapter S corporation structure and has more flexibility for managing the business. The limited liability company is easy to obtain and has some protection. The disadvantages of the limited liability company are taxes, minimum required number of owners, and state availability. Conclusion When making the decision on opening a business an individual must take into consideration the type of business structure that best fits his or her company. When making the decision of which business structure is best to use it is important to look at the meaning of the business structure, the advantages of the business structure, and the disadvantages of the business structure. This paper defined the different business structures and explained explain how each business structure might and might not be advantageous. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-79241085569106030922020-03-11T05:39:00.001-07:002020-03-11T05:39:01.949-07:00consumer health essaysconsumer health essays Is Consumer Health and Safety in Jeopardy With the implementation of Self-Prescription GUS 72-001: Urban Affairs-Consumers In the Marketplace: Your Legal Rights The expeditious augmentation of consumer product transactions taking place on the Internet have developed new risk for the public's health and safety, especially with the rise of online self-prescription drug sites. Online Pharmacies have been created to benefit the consumer but pose many risks for credulous purchasers, increased health fraud, and unique challenges to regulators, law enforcement, and policymakers. With these latest technological advancements, former regulations utilized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the distribution of prescription and over the counter drugs have to some extent become obsolete. This has required that the FDA along with the combined efforts of other organizations such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), create new regulations to protect consumers. The evolution of online prescription Internet sites has brought several advantages to consumers, allowing individuals to attain ever-increasing amounts of knowledge to improve their understanding of health issues and treatment options. "Last year alone more than 22 million Americans used the Internet to find medical information. According to Investor's Business Daily, 43% of web surfers access health care data online each year. Health concerns are the sixth most common reason people use the Internet, and according to the market research firm, Cyber Dialogue Inc., this number is growing 70 percent a year." The leading attractions to purchasing consumer products online are speed, privacy, ease of choosing and ordering products, and reduction in possible prescription errors with the use of computer technology to transmit prescriptions from doctors to pharmacies. Other benefits include: lower prices through increased competition among licensed sellers; great... Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-28352102733566710282020-02-23T20:03:00.001-08:002020-02-23T20:03:03.405-08:00Supermarket Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 wordsSupermarket Prices - Essay Example There are a lot of assumptions about the grocery market in Australia. One of the assumptions is that markets like the Coles and Woolworths have large economies of scale and hence they have cheaper products as compared to other supermarkets. It is also argued that different states have different market sizes, and costs resulting in different prices across the states. It is also assumed that the prices differ according to the location of the store. Further, managers at ALDI claims that they have different prices in the three states. Answer 1 Hypothesis: The null hypothesis is one in which we assume that the difference between the sample means is because of chance. The alternate hypothesis supposes that the samples are affected by some non-random clause (Prince, 2000). The Null hypothesis will be the one which assumes that the average price of all the stores is same. The alternate hypothesis will assume that there is significant difference between the average prices of the 4 supermarkets. Null Hypothesis: H0: à µ1 = à µ2 = à µ3 = à µ4 Alternate Hypothesis: H1: à µ1 âⰠà µ2 âⰠà µ3 âⰠà µ4 Where, à µ1 is the average price at Coles/BI-LO à µ2 is the average price at Woolworths/Safeway à µ3 is the average price at independent stores à µ4 is the average price at ALDI Appropriate Test Since, we are required to compare the means of 4 samples; the appropriate test that shall be performed is the one-way ANOVA (Karris, 2003). Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-17047174507606694212020-02-07T12:50:00.001-08:002020-02-07T12:50:03.212-08:00Any to pic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsAny to pic - Essay Example The cases of failure among health care institutions that have been publicized, though a minority, their overwhelming blow cannot be condoned. These failures have been associated with inadequate compassion, inadequate respect, and lack of dignity. The media has gone further to highlight the consequences of such shortcomings. The most adverse effect is that such failure results to death of many individuals, who would, otherwise have been saved. The interest of some health care organizations has masked the avoidable harm that patients experience across various parts of the world (Reid, 2012). It is essential to note that for a positive movement to be made, the most essential task is shifting the mindset of all health care professionals at all levels. For instance, it is essential that normalizing the nonstandard should be stopped as well as acceptance of the unacceptable. Moreover, there should be a collective as well as individual practice and promotion of professional cores and values that increase the safety of patients and property ownership. Nevertheless, improvements should be made in surgeries, with increases in effectiveness and commitment among the professionals. Health care professionals touch peopleââ¬â¢s lives at times of primary human need, when compassion and care are what they need most. It is, therefore, significantly essential that individuals, boards, and teams explore what compassion, dignity, respect, and care signify and their manner of demonstration (Reid, 2012). Building united mental representations of care requires nurses to express professional values and describe their expectations. As much as there has been reported failures and poor performance in health care institutions, it is, however, essential that their efforts be recognized. It is arguable that with the absence of nurse leaders to engage others in work, a health environment is unachievable. Professionals have argued that it is only qualified nurses who can determine whether Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-5478853866139280702020-01-29T08:45:00.001-08:002020-01-29T08:45:03.546-08:00Boston Strangler killings Essay Example for Free Boston Strangler killings Essay Between 1962 and 1964, thirteen women were sexually assaulted and murdered in the city of Boston. This series of murders was called the Boston Strangler murders. Though most of the victims were older women, a few were in their early twenties, and one young woman was in her late teens. All of the victims were strangled, usually with a personal item the woman owned, such as tights or stockings. The Boston Strangler would gain access to his victims by posing as an official needing to perform a service in the womenââ¬â¢s homes. In 1964, Albert de Salvo confessed to having committed the crimes (Chitolie, 1997). Because the Boston Strangler killings involved a repetitive pattern, which always involved specific behaviors, social learning theory is most useful in explaining this case. According to social learning theory, an individual learns by observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others (Kearsley, 2007). People learn societal norms and appropriate, healthy behaviors by modeling others. After one becomes aware of a behavior by observing it, he will usually apply the behavior in future situations, reflecting upon past outcomes that occurred when the behavior was originally observed. The Boston Strangler observed the reactions of his earlier victims and based his approach to future murders on the outcomes of his prior crimes. For example, he knew that by dressing as a serviceman, de Salvoââ¬â¢s victims would respond by trusting de Salvo and allowing him to enter their houses. Consequently, de Salvo used this tactic repeatedly. A more general example of how learned behaviors may influence future practices is evident in the treatment of animals. Many children go through a stage in which they innocently harm insects or small animals (i. e. by trapping them and keeping them in jars, etc. ). In most cases, a parent or other adult intervenes, and the child learns to respect animals. As a result, the child does not have a desire to cause the animal pain. There are some cases, however, in which the child never learns empathy for animals and the pattern of torture intensifies. Based on prior experiences (i. e. causing pain in animals as a form of enjoyment, and not having an adult stop the behavior), a child may continue the undesirable practice. Sometimes, the childââ¬â¢s violent tendencies toward living things may escalate so much that it is later transferred to human beings when the child becomes an adult. As a child, Albert de Salvo trapped cats and dogs and shot them with arrows. It may be argued that de Salvo never learned appropriate behavior in dealing with living things, and as a result, de Salvoââ¬â¢s practice of trapping animals, rendering them helpless, and killing them progressed to trapping and torturing the women he murdered during his adulthood. The childhood practice of continued animal cruelty can be observed among a number of other infamous serial killers as well (Finch, 1992). In the context of social learning theory, the Boston Stranglerââ¬â¢s killings perhaps occurred because the individual who committed these crimes lacked proper role models to teach him the rules and norms of society. It appears that this individual was never effectively discouraged from harming living organisms, and it is even possible that he may have witnessed violent acts (perhaps the violent acts of men against women) during his early years of development. Nevertheless, when examining the killings, from the general events that took place to the minor details, there appears to be an obvious pattern of repetitive learned violent behavior. Bibliography Chitolie, Raymond. Serial Killersââ¬âCase Files [The Boston Strangler]. 1997. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://hosted. ray. easynet. co. uk/serial_killers/boston. html Finch, Patty A. Abuse. 1992. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://www. vospca. org/archive/abuse. html Kearsley, Gregg. Theories. 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://tip. psychology. org/bandura. html Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-61966737803869847632020-01-21T05:09:00.001-08:002020-01-21T05:09:03.923-08:00Epic of Gilgamesh :: essays research papers The Change in Gilgamesh à à à à à Ever since the beginning of time, man has learned to mature by trials and tribulations. In the beginning of The Epic of Gilgamesh, the protagonist Gilgamesh appears to be an arrogant person who only cares about himself. He abuses all his powers and takes advantage of people with his physical abilities. Basically in the beginning he thinks that no one on earth is better than him. However, just like all epic poems, the protagonist encounters many challenges that make him a better person. So as the story progresses Gilgamesh slowly starts to change his personality. Various events help transform this tyrant to a humble person. à à à à à In the beginning of the book, Gilgamesh appears to be selfish. Gilgameshââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"arrogance has no bounds by day or nightâ⬠(62). Even though he is created by the Gods to be perfect, he misuses his powers and gifts for his own earthly pleasure. He has sexual intercourse with all the virgins of his city even if they are already engaged. Through all Gilgameshââ¬â¢s imperfections and faults, he learns to change his amoral personality. The friendship of Enkidu helped to change his ways, for only Enkidu, who ââ¬Å"is the strongest of wild creatures,â⬠(66) is a match for Gilgamesh. Through this companionship with Enkidu, Gilgamesh starts to realize his incapabilities and need for his friend. When they fight Humbaba, they both give moral support to each other when the other is scared. Another event that changes Gilgameshââ¬â¢s character is the death of Enkidu. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh goes through the suffering of losing a loved one. Gilgamesh experiences a pain, which no worldly pleasure can ease. By this experience Gilgamesh starts to understand his vulnerability toward death and pain. Losing his best friend causes Gilgamesh to be melancholic. At this point Gilgamesh is humbled by the fact that even he could not escape the wrath of death. Gilgamesh goes from this arrogant king to a lonely grieving person with fear of death in his heart. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-3875325756687957832020-01-13T01:33:00.001-08:002020-01-13T01:33:03.639-08:00Are Deaf or Hearing Impaired People More Susceptible to Mental Illnesses?American Sign Language Are deaf or hard of hearing people more susceptible to mental illnesses? The ability to communicate is at the heart of good mental health. Within any large group of people, one may expect to find a smaller group with mental health issues. However, in addition to conquering the difficulties associated with the inability to effectively communicate, individuals in the deaf community must also attempt to find mental health facilities that can accommodate their special circumstances. With all the challenges that face these individuals, it would come to no surprise to learn whether they are more prone to mental health problems than hearing individuals. First, any diagnoses of any mental health issue in the United States comes from one book, the DSM IV- the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version IV. This bible of the mental health field is separated into five sections, though the first two are most prevalent in the studies to follow. The first section is Axis I, listing and describing the Clinical disorders including major mental disorders and learning disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and bipolar disorder. Axis II lists Personality disorders such as paranoid personality disorder and dependent personality disorder, and mental retardation. In diagnosing children with sensory problems it is important to remember that early onset of significant hearing impairment can have a profound effect on the childââ¬â¢s development, with adverse consequences for mental health, both in childhood and adult life. 0% of deaf children born to hearing parents risk developmental delays in language and vocabulary, resulting in consequences in emotional, psychological, and educational growth (du Feu, 2003). In the past, these consequences manifested themselves in lower expectations for deaf children, and difficulties in teaching them led to the absence of correctly diagnosing mild learning disabilities, attention de ficit disorder, and even autism. The childrenââ¬â¢s behaviors were instead attributed to their deafness. As a result, deaf children have an increased prevalence of mental health problems, 45-50% ersus an average of 25% for the general population. Interestingly enough, deaf children from deaf families do not show this increased level of mental health problems (du Feu, 2003). Because hearing loss so readily interferes with the acquisition of vocabulary, the mean English literacy of deaf high school graduates is at the 4. 5 grade level. (Reed, 2006) To compound this problem, a great many deaf people are not fluent in American Sign Language either, leaving the individual with a gross inability to communicate in general. Or, assuming the deaf person knows at least some ASL, written sentences may be choppy, incomplete, written in ASL syntax versus English grammar, and therefore may be misleading to the physician. Many mental help providers mistake normal language and communication issues for developmental delays, mental illness or mental retardation. However, misdiagnosing a non-fluent deaf person as psychotic is just as prevalent as mistaking psychosis as merely poor communication. The fear of being misdiagnosed due to language and cultural differences is one reason why deaf people may be reluctant to seek treatment for a mental health problem. Early studies found that schizophrenia was more common in deaf individuals than hearing people; however, the redirection of diagnoses from schizophrenia to adjustment disorders and organic problems occurred as the diagnostic process became more accurate and clearly defined (Black, 2006). In addition, deaf people are far less likely to be diagnosed with psychotic diagnoses if they are served in a deaf psychiatric program versus the mainstream population; understandably, those specific deaf psychiatric programs are not always readily available in the individualââ¬â¢s vicinity. Another reason deaf people may hesitate to seek treatment for mental disorders is the lack of providers who have knowledge of ASL and how it differs from English as well as the basics about deaf education and development (Pollard, 2010). Mental health providers must also learn deaf culture to differentiate what can be considered normal behavior in a deaf patient. For instance, a deaf person may stomp loudly on the floor to gain oneââ¬â¢s attention; behavior that would be considered aggressive by hearing tandards but accepted as quite normal in a deaf community. Deaf people are also very animated in their ââ¬Å"talkâ⬠, relying on vivid display of expression and strong emotion to convey their feelings. These theatrics which are a normal part of ASL and deaf language are considered unnecessary in the general hearing public. Energetic signing may make people appear to be excitable or aggressive. Deaf peopleââ¬â¢s eye contact, use of personal space and way of touching others t o gain attention may all be misinterpreted as they can appear direct or intrusive. du Feu, 20063) Clinicians often labeled rapid signing as a symptom of psychotic behavior rather than the change of mood that was actually indicated by the patient. (Reed, 2006) Deaf patients were more often misunderstood than correctly diagnosed, leading to unnecessary and sometimes potentially harmful treatment and even detainment. ââ¬Å"If I canââ¬â¢t trust my local mental health center to offer me someone whoââ¬â¢s competent to deal with me, why should I go? â⬠(Pollard, 2010) More recent studies, though admittedly not ââ¬Å"expertsâ⬠in completely understanding the deaf culture and language, have had more reliable results in the prevalence of mental disorders among the deaf. The frequency of mental illness among deaf people is at least as high as in the population at large. (Mueller, 2006) Findings also reveal the rate of Axis I disorders (depression, psychotic disorders) does not differ between hearing and deaf populations, including schizophrenia, but Axis II (personality disorders, mental retardation) and childhood behavior problems are three to six times more prevalent for deaf persons. The high rate of personality disorders may be related to attachment difficulties in some hearing families with deaf children. Deaf children and adolescents exhibit higher levels of behavioral and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders than the general population. (Haskins, 2000) Posttraumatic stress disorder is noted as being the most common diagnosis found in the deaf community. (Mueller, 2006) Deaf patients are also less likely to be diagnosed with psychotic or substance abuse disorder and more likely to be diagnosed with a mood, anxiety, or developmental disorder than members of the hearing population. However, providers still have limited knowledge of deafness or deaf culture which continues to seriously impact the ability to accurately assess and/or diagnose. (Mueller, 2006) While the hearing population can open a phone book and choose one of many, many providers to seek treatment for their problems, the deaf community has very little options. Aside from the difficult task of finding a signing counselor, one may allow an interpreter to accompany in the in the intensely personal session; that may also prove uncomfortable for the deaf patient and the interpreter, and it may skew the relationship with the clinician. In the past, therapists believed deaf people showed a low incidence of depression; in reality, it is more likely that the deaf just choose not to seek help. In addition to the challenges presented in childhood and adulthood for deaf patients, they must continue on their journey into retirement and beyond, frequently becoming more and more isolated as medical conditions start to accumulate with old age. Few residential or nursing homes or psychogeriatric services have experience with deaf people who sign. In conclusion, Iââ¬â¢ve proven my theory that deaf people are more susceptible to some mental health issues due to the obstacles faced everyday with communicating with others. Correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, however, are both difficult steps to the rehabilitation process. In research for this project, I learned of a 28 year old deaf woman who was born to hearing parents. The parents were advised early on not to learn to sign, and to discourage her from learning as well. Instead, they tried to have an instructor teach her the oral method, at least initially. Extremely unhappy, the girl developed behavior problems in childhood that increased in adolescence and carried over to early adulthood. She tried to socialize at the local deaf club but only knew a little ASL. She was barely literate, unable to hold a job or have a satisfying life. Upon eventual hospitalization, she was hostile and withdrawn. Frustrated at being unable to communicate with her, the womanââ¬â¢s parents asked the intake person to sign to the woman that they loved her. The woman signed the bitter response that she had wasted her entire childhood trying to learn to speak and her parents had not spent a single hour learning to sign. (du Feu, 2003) Ignorance isnââ¬â¢t always bliss. Bibliography Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, Margaret du Feu, 2003, volume 9, pp95-103 Deaf People: Mental Illness; Mental Illness in the Deaf Community: Increasing Awareness and Identifying Needs, Sandra Mueller, 2006, www. lifeprint. com Serving and Assessing Deaf Patients; Implications for Psychiatry, B. Haskins, Psychiatric Times, December 2000, volume XVII, Issue 12 Demographics, Psychiatric Diagnoses, and Other Characteristics of North American Deaf and Hard of Hearing Inpatients, Patricia Black, Riverview Psychiatric Center, jdsde. oxfordjournals. org Interview with Robert Pollard, Ph. D. , Professor of Psychiatry at University of Rochester and director of Deaf Wellness Center, 2010, www. healthbridges. info Mental Health Issues in the Deaf Community, Kimberly Reed, About. com guide 2006 bipolar. about. com/od/socialissues/a/000425_deaf. htm Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-7252270294086601182020-01-04T21:55:00.001-08:002020-01-04T21:55:02.684-08:00Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison - 1908 Words Racism and prejudice have been prevalent subjects in literature and history, especially as African Americans began publishing their own works regarding their personal experiences. Ralph Ellisonââ¬â¢s novel, Invisible Man, is considered to be a milestone that greatly contributed to a change in American literature. It transformed societyââ¬â¢s view on African American struggles and black identity. He tells of young, college-educated African American man struggling in society as he experiences racial discrimination, invisibility to others and himself, and the struggle to find an identity. The novel expresses the narratorââ¬â¢s difficulty with searching for success and autonomy in a predominately white society. From the beginning, Ellison introduces theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ellisonââ¬â¢s powerful diction prompts an emotional reaction to change readersââ¬â¢ opinions and allow them to draw a connection between themselves and struggling African Americans. He demonstr ates the desire of African Americans to obtain acceptance and respect from their society, however, with no avail. Despite the lack of recognition and inclusion, Ellison also demonstrates how invisibility is advantageous. The speaker lives in the forgotten basement of a whites-only apartment building and uses electricity from an unsuspecting company as a way to ââ¬Å"fight against them without their realizing itâ⬠(5). With his limited abilities in society, he fights against white supremacy by realizing the power of his own invisibility. This belief is established after the narrator concludes his identity and role in society, however, the author presents this information in the introduction to foreshadow the narratorââ¬â¢s development throughout his life. The novel goes on to return to the beginning of his life journey: college. In his early years, the narrator blindly follows the white leaders in his community in hopes to attend college and travel to the North to seek succe ss. He is tasked with escorting Mr. Norton around his college, an affluent founder who represents white superiority. After accidentally showing Mr. Norton an area that houses black sharecroppers, he takes him to a tavern where black veterans criticize the white supremacy. A former war veteran claimsShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1366 Words à |à 6 Pagesfighter left standing, amidst unbridled carnage. The titular narrator of Ralph Ellison s novel Invisible Man, is no stranger to those experiences. In the beginning, he is forced to fight several other black boxers for the amusement of many heckling, white spectators. Through the imaginative use of objects, symbols, allusions, and the actions, thoughts, and purposes of the spectators, pugilists and risquà © entertainment, Ellison seeks to express a powerful image of American race relations and womenRead MoreInvisible, Invisible Man, By Ralph Ellison1994 Words à |à 8 PagesInvisible Race and Gender in Invisible Ma n, by Ralph Ellison In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchyRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1246 Words à |à 5 Pagesauthor of Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison, was born March 1st, 1914, and died April 16, 1994. He was born in Oklahoma City and named after Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous journalist and poet. When Ellison was 3, his father died of a work-related accident, leaving his mother to care for him and his younger brother. As a young boy, he always wanted to major in music, and he went to Tuskegee University to become a composer and performer of music. The summer before his senior year in college, Ellison went toRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison Essay2164 Words à |à 9 Pagestrying to rebel against the status quo. Protest literature emerged from the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920ââ¬â¢s to 1930ââ¬â¢s. Protest literature is used to address real socio-political issues and express objections against them. In his novel, The Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison exposes the racism in society by focusing on the culture, in regards to the expected assimilation of African Americans and how the time period largely influenced the mistreatment of the African American population. He also uses symbolsRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1277 Words à |à 6 PagesInvisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, is a story about a young African American man whose color renders him invisible. The theme of racism as a hurdle to individual identity is present throughout the story in a variety of examples. From the beginning of the novel the theme of identity is evident as the narrator states, â⬠Å"All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what I wasâ⬠(Ellison, p. 1254). In the midst of living in a racist American society the speakersRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison909 Words à |à 4 PagesInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison is a novel which embodies the universal theme of self-discovery, of the search to figure out who one truly is in life which we all are embarked upon. Throughout the text, the narrator is constantly wondering about who he really is, and evaluating the different identities which he assumes for himself. He progresses from being a hopeful student with a bright future to being just another poor black laborer in New Your City to being a fairly well off spokesperson for aRead MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison977 Words à |à 4 PagesBook Review: Invisible Man Invisible Man is an American Literature novel published by Ralph Ellison in 1952. The novel traces the experiences of a young college black man growing up in Harlem, New York. Attempting to succeed in a predominantly white society, the narrator encounters shocks and disillusionments from being expelled from college to hiding in an underground hole to protect himself from the people above. He lives a repressed life as an ââ¬Å"Invisible Manâ⬠for he believes that society ignoresRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1032 Words à |à 5 Pageslike modern society some people leads, and others will follow. Subjects will conditionally generate their own ideas and realize these ideas rather than just be assigned tasks that question their beliefs. The author Ralph Ellison illustrates it best. Ellisonââ¬â¢s realistic fiction Invisible Man perpetuates the manifestation of manipulation over the minorities in this society. As the narrator embraces every identity he has been given, h e starts to become more independent, and a leader in his community. Read MoreThe Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison3051 Words à |à 13 Pagesportrayed through the narratorââ¬â¢s, the invisible man, journey through life. The problems with society are foreshadowed by the racism and the symbols of the color white presented in the paint plant. ââ¬Å"The Invisible Manâ⬠by Ralph Ellison depicts the African Americans struggle to be viewed as an equal member of society through the narrators struggles through life to discover his individuality or place in society while the white man or the community conspires to ââ¬Å"keep the black man downâ⬠. The story follows theRead MoreInvisible Man By Ralph Ellison1481 Words à |à 6 PagesInvisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison, published in 1952. It addresses many of the social and intellectual issues facing African-Americans in the early twentieth century. This includes black nationalism, the relationship between black identity a nd Marxism, and the reformist racial policies of Booker T. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity. The grandson of slaves, Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-21971487408305222019-12-27T18:20:00.001-08:002019-12-27T18:20:04.434-08:00The Tempest - Relationship Between Prospero and Caliban With close reference to appropriately selected episodes write about the dramatic methods Shakespeare uses to present the relationship between Prospero and Caliban. ââ¬ËThe Tempestââ¬â¢ was the last play written by Shakespeare and is widely regarded to be his greatest play. ââ¬ËThe Tempestââ¬â¢ is thought to have been written about the year 1610. All of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s previously used genres are in the play: romance, tragedy, comedy and history. ââ¬ËThe Tempestââ¬â¢ adheres to the three classical unities, unity of time, action and place. ââ¬ËThe Tempestââ¬â¢ takes place in a twenty-four hour time period which abides by the unity of time. Unity of action is adhered to by the fact there is only one main plot being Prosperoââ¬â¢s attempts at regaining his dukedom.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"For this, be sure, tonight thou shalt have cramps, side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up.â⬠Act I Scene II. So, the Prospero and Ariel relationship is one of master-servant but the servant willingly obeys the master in exchange for later benefits (in this case, Ariel obeys Prospero to obtain his freedom). The Epilogue is the only scene in the play in which we see Prospero ask others ââ¬â the audience ââ¬â for help. It shows him as a mere mortal who, stripped of his magic powers, is as vulnerable as the rest of us. It is incumbent on the audience to exhibit the same sort of mercy as he has just shown, indicating that we too have learnt to be magnanimous. For some critics, this new Prospero inspires admiration and sympathy. For others, he is now an impotent tyrant who, without any method of self-defence, is in a position to be punished for the wrongs he has done to the others characters during the play. Prospero treats Caliban as a slave. Calibans speech, found in 1.2.334-47, establishes Calibans point of view of his treatment by Prospero early on in the play, and the audience needs to keep this in mind throughout the remainder of it. The general complaint by those who have read the play, including most college professors, use the alleged complaint of rape as a justifiable rea son for the poor treatment Caliban receives at the hands of all who come into contact with him. But this is taking political correctness too far, in my opinion. Caliban, it must beShow MoreRelated Relationship between Prospero, Caliban and Ariel in The Tempest1496 Words à |à 6 PagesRelationship between Prospero, Caliban and Ariel in The Tempest à à Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play, The Tempest is set on a mysterious island surrounded by the ocean. Here the magician Prospero is ruler of the isle with his two servants Caliban and Ariel.à Caliban is the abrasive, foul-mouthed son of the evil witch Sycorax. When Prospero was shipwrecked on the island Prospero treated him kindly but their relationship changed when Caliban tried to rape Prosperos daughter, Miranda. Caliban then became ProsperosRead MoreShakespeares Presentation of the Relationship between Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest1202 Words à |à 5 PagesPresentation of the Relationship between Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest Shakespeareââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËThe Tempestââ¬â¢ is set on a small island between Tunis and Naples. The play is initially based around Prospero; once Duke of Milan, a loving father to Miranda and inhabitant of the island for the past twelve years, after being usurped by his scheming brother Antonio. When exploring the relationship between Prospero and Caliban, a ââ¬Ëwhelp hag-bornââ¬â¢ living on the island when Prospero and Miranda Read More Relationship between Caliban and Prospero in Act I of The Tempest515 Words à |à 3 PagesThe short extract taken from ââ¬Å"The Tempestâ⬠helps us learn a lot about the characters Prospero and Caliban and their relationship within the play. Prospero, when we first meet him, emerges as a very controlling and dominant figure on the island, mainly because he refers to the character Caliban as his ââ¬Å"slaveâ⬠. This shows us that Prospero must be a powerful man and that he has authority over the island and its people. Prospero uses his power to abuse Caliban, and he threatens him with phrases suchRead MorePost Colonial Translations Of The Tempest : Colonial Society s Universal Mirror1672 Words à |à 7 PagesTranslations of The Tempest: Colonial Societyââ¬â¢s Universal Mirror Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tempest has been viewed through many different lenses, and each translation brings with it a new and differing understanding of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s complex original work. Two specific translations, Coetzeeââ¬â¢s novel Disgrace and Cesaireââ¬â¢s play A Tempest, do an exemplary job at translating The Tempest, because both translations looked at a different aspect of the colonizer-colonized relationship. Cesaire s A Tempest translates theRead MoreExamples Of Colonialism In The Tempest944 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Tempest, written by playwright William Shakespeare is one of his most popular, yet also controversial plays. This paper will discuss the postcolonial interpretations of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play, by looking at the nature of colonialism, and how it has been incorporated within his play, through the role of the colonized versus the colonizers. This paper will also compare how 21st century audienceââ¬â¢s views may differ to that of the tradition al Elizabethanââ¬â¢s, in relation to the playââ¬â¢s treatment of the originalRead MoreThe Tempest vs. European Colonialism961 Words à |à 4 Pagesappropriate modem for understanding the Tempest by William Shakespeare because there are many correspondences between the European-African relationship and the American-African relationship. Similar to the American-African relationship where the Europeans are the colonizers and the slaves are the colonized, the European-African relationship has Prospero as the colonizer and Caliban as the colonized. Caliban holds up the colonialist interpretation of the Tempest partly through the meaning behind hisRead MoreThe Postcolonial Interpretations Of Shakespeares The Tempest1512 Words à |à 7 Pages The Tempest, written by playwright William Shakespeare is one of his most popular, yet also controversial plays. This paper will discuss the postcolonial interpretations of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play, by looking at the nature of colonialism, and how it has been incorporated within his play, through the role of the colonized versus the colonizers. This paper will also compare how 21st century audienceââ¬â¢s views may differ to that of the traditional Elizabethanââ¬â¢s, in relation to the playââ¬â¢s treatment of theRead MoreNature, Power, And Division Of A Tempest And The Tempest1175 Words à |à 5 PagesDivision in A Tempest and The Tempest Humans have often struggled to define their relationship with nature throughout history. In the early periods of their existence, humans were ruled by the brutality of untamed nature. They utilized nature to an extent of survival, but had not yet developed a system to thrive within it. As humans advanced, both mentally and technologically, their aptitude and desire to exploit nature increased dramatically. These two polar relationships between humans and natureRead More Prospero and Caliban of William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay1036 Words à |à 5 PagesProspero and Caliban of William Shakespeares The Tempestà à Within The Tempest, characters such as Prospero and Caliban share an intimate connection. Without some kind of malevolent force motivating the action of the play, none of the major characters would come into contact with each other. A violent storm, formed by Prosperos magic, subjects the foreign characters to the might of his mysterious power. Issues of control become a central part of The Tempest. One way in which this is highlightedRead MoreEssay about More Than Meets The Eye1643 Words à |à 7 Pageshow inequality is derived.à Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tempest tells the tale of a usurped Duke, Prospero, who suffers a life of exile on a mystical island.à Overthrown by his own brother Antonio, Prospero seeks revenge.à In a series of carefully planned events, Prospero strands a group of European lords on his isle, one of whom is Antonio.à à Using his knowledge of magic, Prospero succeeds at obtaining control over his kingdom of Milan.à On the surface, The Tempest a ppears unrelated to the work by Rousseau. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-59644146327307205332019-12-19T14:09:00.001-08:002019-12-19T14:09:03.107-08:00The American Dream By Edgar Allan Poe - 1476 Words Throughout American history, there is a variety of great authors who have brought the many genres of literature we have today. Many hear names like Edgar Allan Poe and automatically think of a dark short story, or two, from his collection of works. But how many authors are there which give strong visualization and experiences that not many individuals may get the chance to examine in their life? Around the early 20th century, African Americans were slowly progressing into being intergraded in society as citizens of America. As there were many complications with this adjustment, African Americans were held back from living what everyone else would call ââ¬Å"The American Dreamâ⬠through the next few decades and still fighting for it. About 1955, the Civil Rights movement began for equal rights of African American citizens to be treated equally as everyone one else. Many activists got involved with the movement to help pave the way for a brighter future. There were powerful leade rs like Martin Luther King Jr; Malcom X who was more on the religious side and their voices heard through media around the nation. Then there were leaders like James Baldwin, an author and a Samaritan to African Americans. James Baldwin was born in New York City on August 2nd, 1924. James developed to loathe his father for continually reprimanding and teasing him. As an issue, he revolted from multiple points of view, first by turning into a youthful pastor at a church congregation, then would dismiss theShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe Biography. By. Alyssa Marshall.1260 Words à |à 6 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Biography By Alyssa Marshall Mrs. Guinn English III March 6, 2017 Abstract Edgar Allan Poe was a writer in the ââ¬Å"Gothic Eraâ⬠, many of his stories genres are horror like ââ¬Å" The Masque of The Red Deathâ⬠, mystery such as ââ¬Å" The Fall of The House of Usherâ⬠, lost love as in ââ¬Å" The Ravenâ⬠, and obsession such as ââ¬Å" The Pit and The Pendulumâ⬠. Edgarââ¬â¢s poemsRead MoreEdgan Allan Poe1554 Words à |à 7 Pages Edgar allan poe lived in a time when Americans were feuding between each other . Many pieces of poes literature is influenced by the time period he lived in. Edgar allan poe wrote about his surroundings and how the world was affected by it.poe has a lot of controversial ideas that is portrayed in most of his writings ,poems, and also his short stories. Edgar allan poe was an writer influenced his surroundings. Edgar allan poe lived in a time where the termole began to grow exponentiallyRead More Edgar Allan Poe Essay1589 Words à |à 7 Pages Edgar Allen Poe Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allen Poeââ¬â¢s contributions to American literature have become increasingly more prominent as the years have passed. As short fiction has become a more accepted genre in literary circles, Poeââ¬â¢s theories are studied with more passion. Although he lived a rather melancholy life, Poe did experience moments of joy, and desired to capture the beauty through poetic form. Indeed, what he left behind for the literary world was his gifted genus, revealed throughRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe : The Tale Heart, The Fall Of The House Of Usher, And Annabel Lee Essay1372 Words à |à 6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is well known for his poetry. Edgar Allan Poe was not only a world renowned poet, but he is also known as being a writer of short stories, as well as known for being a critic. Edgar Allan Poe has many literary works; quite possibly the most famous one being The Raven. Some of Edgar Allan Poeââ¬â¢s other famous works include The Tell-Tale Heart, The Fall of the House of Usher, and Annabel Lee. Edgar Allan Poe is also known as being a Romanticist, due to the factRead More A Critical Essay on Edgar Allan Poeââ¬â¢s The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)1221 Words à |à 5 Pagesof the American author Edgar Allan Poeââ¬â¢s (1809-1849) macabre and Gothic fictional prose The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) (Poe. 1987: 1). I shall present and argue how the artistic effects deployed in the narrative structure create an atmosphere of tension and suspense, through the exploration of architectural space demonstrated in a close reading and analysis from key passages of the text. The Fall of the House of Usher was written by the American author and poet Edgar Allan Poe, it firstRead More Edgar Allen Poe Essay860 Words à |à 4 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poe is a writer of the 1800ââ¬â¢s. He has written many classics and has a unique style. Edgar fits into a gothic romance style that was prevalent at the time of his writing. Science at the time was making leaps and bounds and often scientists were immoral and hypocritical. This is reflected in Edgarââ¬â¢s sonnet to science were science has been destroying all that Edgar finds wonderful in the world. Edgar has a tough life with many losses which is also reflectedRead MoreThe Life and Writings of Edgar Allen Poe853 Words à |à 4 Pagessentiment (Poe). This quote shows how Edgar Allan Poeââ¬â¢s perspective was very different compared to other writers during that time. Poe was an American short story writer, poet, critic, and editor who was famous for his cultivation in mystery and macabre. His success in his works may or may not have been because of his emotional and mental problems. Edgar Allan Poe was a writer whose works represent his own unique sty le, how his emotional instability affected him, and what happened in his life. Poe hasRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe; Fame Inspired by a Tragic Life865 Words à |à 4 Pages The 19th century American poet, Edgar Allan Poe, had been plagued by grief from an early age. He was an amazing poet and author who just happened to have a darker story. Many who have studied this prestigious man feel that his works, though magnificent, were extremely dark. Some believe it was nothing more then a fancy for him to spin such gruesome tales. Others feel his work was manipulated by the misfortune of his past. These people have actually found evidence that agrees with this statementRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Masque Of The Red Death1300 Words à |à 6 Pagesmovement took action during the mid-eighteen hundreds in which Poe wrote his short story, Masque of the Red Death According to Edgar Allan Poe in his short story, ââ¬Å"The Masque of the Red Deathâ⬠ââ¬Å"No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous.â⬠Even though plagues had been common throughout the years , none of them had been as hideous as society was during the Movement. In his short story ââ¬Å"The Masque of the Red Deathâ⬠, Edgar Allan Poe demonstrates that people are naturally born evil, during the Anti-TranscendentalismRead MoreThe Autobiographical Elements in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe1663 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Autobiographical Elements in the Works of Edgar Allan Poe There is no exquisite beauty without some strangeness in the proportions (Biography on Poe 8). Edgar Alan Poe endured a very difficult life and this is evident in his literary style. He was once titled the master of the macabre. One of the aspects in his life with which he struggled was social isolation. He used this as a topic in a number of poems and short stories. Poes life was also filled with periods of fear and irrationality Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-88166507833539868362019-12-11T10:52:00.001-08:002019-12-11T10:52:02.087-08:00Volunteering free essay sample When you walk in, there are at least a dozen wheelchairs, surrounded by the murmur of voices and the sound of footsteps falling on the tile floor. Down the hall there is the sound of television playing and people laughing. This was the environment of the nursing home where I used to volunteer. I volunteered at Clear Creek Nursing Home every Saturday for six months. While there I saw how attached some of the residents become. Some have no visitors and are all alone. Their family members just dropped them off and never came to see them. So, I would keep the residents company. We would talk, do word searches, and go for walks around the building. When lunch time came, I would help serve food. Around holidays, such as Thanksgiving and Christmas the residents became depressed. The nursing home had a cheery look to it, but the atmosphere was sad. We will write a custom essay sample on Volunteering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was like they had given up hope of seeing their families. I started to go and stay longer wheeling them down to the activity area to listen to people playing Christmas songs on the piano. That seemed to cheer them up. Even when there was nothing left to talk about and we just sat there, they were still happy. They knew that they were not alone. Sometimes, doing the smallest thing can mean the world to someone else. Going to the nursing home made me feel good because I knew I had been a big help and I made the residents smile. It showed how lucky I am to have my family around and know that they care about me. I know that volunteering there made me realize that I want to live life to the fullest. I do not want to grow old wishing that I had traveled the world. My plan after high school is to go to a four year college to become an emergency room nurse. After Iââ¬â¢m done, I would like to travel around the world to places like Europe, Canada and Australia. I can apply a lot of what Iââ¬â¢ve learned from volunteering to everyday life. I am able to show people that I have strong leadership qualities. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-86313601618147245512019-12-03T22:33:00.001-08:002019-12-03T22:33:04.369-08:00UK Beer Market Beer drinking is an essential component of family, social and professional life for many people living in the United Kingdom. The excessive trend of consumption has frequently been reported in the last two decades. High per capita consumption can be traced back to the middle ages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UK Beer Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, over the last century, beer consumption has varied considerably. According to the UK customs and excise department, per capita consumption of beer in the early 1900s was higher than any other point in time (British Beer and Pub Association, 2007, p. 3). The consumption sharply declined following the First World War and Second World War due to restrictions in the pub operating hours, and other measures, for instance, reduced alcoholic percentage and proscription of ââ¬Å"buying in roundâ⬠for fear that excessive consumption will weaken the comb atants. A small decline was also experienced during the Great depression of the 1930s (British Beer and Pub Association, 2007, p. 3). Since 1950s, the per capita consumption of beer has increased exponentially. The per capita consumption reached its apex in 2004. However, the consumption started to decline in 2006 because of the new taxation laws and the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. In the last five years, excise duty on beer has increased to nearly 40 percent. The escalation in excise duty has led to the increase in beer prices and cut-price off-trade trade buying. Strict driving laws, which prohibits excessive alcohol consumption also contributed to the decline. As a result, numerous pubs have been forced out of the business. The aggregate beer production also fell by 22 percent (TCS, 2013, p. 7; British Beer and Pub Association, 2007, p. 3). Figure 1: Per capital consumption of alcohol in the United Kingdom Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Smith and Foxcroft (2009, p. 9) Despite the dwindling level of per capita consumption, UK is still among the highest beer consumers in Europe with an average per capita consumption of 89 litres. Hence, UK residents are considered to be among the heaviest drinkers in Europe. As a result, UK remains the largest market for beer manufacturers across Europe. As a matter of fact, 67 percent of the UK beer market is dominated by large multinational companies, for instance, Carlsberg and countless local breweries (IAS Facts Sheet, 2013, p. 5; British Beer and Pub Association, 2007, p. 4). There is a rising trend of homes being converted into entertainment hubs among UK consumers. In addition, beer is increasingly being sold in off-trade premises, for instance, supermarkets and other retail outlets. This offsets the amount of pubs and clubs being closed due to the escalation in excise duty. For this reason , the UK beer market is still lucrative with abundant opportunities (Smith Foxcroft, 2009, p. 14). 7 Ps Analysis of the UK Beer Market Data on the current trends in beer consumption shows that beer volume growth in the UK continues to improve since 2011, though it is still low as compared to pre 2006 levels. The development signifies that the UK beer market is on its way to full recovery. At the moment, customers are looking for real benefits from the products and are buying beer in relatively small quantities due to high prices. Furthermore, due to changing tastes and increase in household income, consumers are now looking for quality over quantity. As a result, there is a general swing towards premium beers. Stouts (strong dark beer) and ales are the most popular types of beer. This is shown in the survey result below; Guinness and Stella Artois tops the chart. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on UK Beer Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More The per capita consumption is high among adults aged between 15 to 34 years. They are considered to be the heaviest drinkers. This group likes to ramble and party. Therefore, they are the target market for most beer companies. Moreover, studies show that the current designs of beer appeal more to the youths than older people. Adults aged between 35 and 55 are also high alcohol consumers. They are known to frequent pubs, family get together parties, corporate events and major sporting events where alcohol consumption is rampant. This group of consumers goes to pubs not just for beer, but also for ambience and socializing. Therefore, these consumers do not choose an outlet based on the stocked brand alone. For this reason, the Great British Banjo Company must cater for this category of consumers. It is also important to note that, in the United Kingdom, men and women drink in equal measure. In addition, there are increasing cases of underage drinking, though illegal (Smith Foxcroft, 2009, p. 15). Majority of the beer consumers in the UK are very conservative and loyal to particular brands. The loyalty is brought about by unique taste of certain brands, general corporate social responsibility, and club sponsorships among others. They also value quality of ingredients that goes to the beer and time after time brewing style. For that reason, brand image and product quality are the most significant aspects. However, product prices are also becoming a significant factor. This is attributed to high cost of living and the current tax regime (British Beer and Pub Association, 2007, p. 5). Well established brands enjoy the largest market share in the UK market. Some of the most popular brands include Carlsberg, Budweiser, Guinness and Castle Larger. As a matter of fact, they control nearly 80 percent of the market. This is a major barrier to the new entrants in the UK market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, Shackleton brand will find it very difficult to penetrate the UK market. Hence, they will have to employ all the available promotional tools. The company can also explore the new and untapped UK markets, for instance, home entertainment. The promotion of beer and other alcoholic beverages in the UK encompasses a wide range of activities, including advertisements, sponsorships, featuring, loyalty schemes and electronic marketing among others. Alcoholic drinks companies have been among the top source of sponsorship in the last one decade. No wonder, they are very popular among clubs and their fans, for instance, Carlsberg is synonymous with Liverpool football club (TCS, 2013, p. 7). Increasingly, beer brands are being promoted to a greater extent in the internet and online social media. For example, in 2013, Anheuser-Busch signed a multimillion dollar deal with Instagram to popularize Budweiser brand. The social media enable these companies to interact directly with the e xisting and prospective customers. In addition, they also help in getting consumer views regarding a product or brand. According to the survey, promotional campaigns, featuring and visual aids are the most dominant channels used to introduce new brands into the UK market. The UK beer market has all along been known to use discounts and volume-based price promotions as key marketing tools. This was aimed at enhancing the consumption levels. However, with the introduction of minimum price per unit policy (MPU) such practices have been abolished. The new policy in conjunction with high excise duty on alcoholic products has forced brewers to increase beer prices. So, the two factors (MPU and excise duty) have a significant impact on the level of beer consumption in the UK (IAS Facts Sheet, 2013, p. 5). As indicated by the survey, most pubs and other retail outlets set their price margin at around 30% to 50%. The margin is not stable and, therefore, varies in accordance with the price s et by the brewers. For that reason, the Great British Banjo Company will have to produce low cost beer because it will be more attractive for the pub owners and other retail outlets. Since most beer consumers frequent pubs not only for a particular beer brand, but also for experience and socialization, serving mode is very important. Some brands, for instance, Stella Artois have set a high bar with regard to their mode of serving. They portray a very expensive image through their exclusive packaging, pint glasses and Draught Barrels (Stella Artois, 2012, p. 9). In the UK, most pubs serve beer in full pints, half pints and glass bottles. Half pint is increasingly becoming popular among low income segment due to the increase in beer prices. However, middle and high income segment are also embracing it because of strict driving laws, which prohibits excessive alcohol consumption. References British Beer and Pub Association 2007, Statistical Handbook: A Compilation of Drinks Industry Statistics, 2007, Brewing Publications, London. IAS Facts Sheet 2013, Marketing and alcohol, Institute of Alcoholic Studies, London. Smith, L Foxcroft, D 2009, Drinking in the UK: An exploration of trends, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Yorkshire. Stella Artois 2012, Stella Artois and the Virtue of Consistency: Synopsis. Web. TCS 2013, Brewery Industry in Transition: Embracing new Markets, Products and Consumers, Tata Consultancy Service Limited, Bombay, India. This essay on UK Beer Market was written and submitted by user D0m1n0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-26773532508142992019-11-27T19:56:00.001-08:002019-11-27T19:56:07.713-08:00Death Of A Sales Man Essays - English-language Films, Films Death Of A Sales Man was a good on in that all the charters were not wearing masks. Well anywise Willy Loman was played by Dustin Hoffman and well he did a great job portraying his charter. And he did very well. The move well little slow to the start but after it introduced all the charts and the things starting falling in place then that is when everything came clear. But I really feel sorry for Willy but in the same persificted I am pissed off at him, but he is cheating in his wife and well in my mind I dont think that is a good idea. But his sons take most of the flak cus he makes them out to something they are not. See in my mind Willy is a dreamer and well he wishes that he and his family could always live the good live but in fact they cant. He lives in the burbs and well he is also in a dead end job, that will never take him or his family any where. His family consisted of his loving wife Linda, she was the back bone of the family she kept everything in live and going in the right direction for Willy and his sons. Then there was Happy, he was the player and tycoon and always looking for recognition from his father, but never really got it. Because there was Biff his pride and joy he thought the world revolved around him. Then there was Charlie Willy only true friend ever thought they would fight on a regular basic that still were friend and Charlie ever help Willy out with a little side cash just to keep things running at home. But still Willy is always in a dream state it is like he is taking drugs and seeing theses thins and imagining them. He should have tried to get some help but he was to staborn. In to I see so many of my own friend day dreaming cus well, dreaming is good because I you think about and Theater Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-42489988240471620132019-11-24T03:31:00.001-08:002019-11-24T03:31:04.964-08:00Googles Strategic Plan Analysis EssayGoogles Strategic Plan Analysis Essay Google Strategy Plan Analysis Essay Google Strategy Plan Analysis Essay Google Inc. is one of the largest and most powerful technology companies dealing with internet related products and services. Although the company started from a humble beginning, it has grown significantly, and developed some of the most convenient applications and online services that we use today. These applications include Gmail, Google Earth, Google Chats, and Google Maps among others. The company has managed to win the competition against former giant corporations such as Yahoo, Alta Vista and Microsoft. The current paper presents a strategic plan for this giant technology company for a period of five years starting from 2014. Four strategic goals discussed in this paper include; to become the primary interface of the world, to improve the quality and access to the internet, to ââ¬Å"own the homeâ⬠and to control more of the purchase cycle. By becoming the primary interface of the world, the company plans to be the main choice in all internet and non-internet related oper ations of our daily living. In terms of ââ¬Å"owning the homeâ⬠the company plans to have gadgets and appliances that will be used in all aspects of living, at home and even at the workplace. By controlling more of the purchase cycle, Google plans to influence the commercial activitiesââ¬â¢ patterns of its customers and increase its share of the financial pie by indulging more into the commercial world. Improvement of the quality and access to the internet will be the key goal of the companyââ¬â¢s expansion and efficiency as most of its activities require reliable and convenient internet connections. The Most Dominant Search Tool The most dominant search tool on the web today is Google; a company that was born in 1998 in a garage, in the minds of Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google has seen a rapid and steady growth and success story from nothing to becoming the dominant search engine in less than 8 years. Today, Google Inc. is the largest multinational company that specializes in various internet-based products and services. These products and services include software, online advertising technologies, cloud computing and search services among others. The company has several subsidiary companies such as YouTube, DoubleClick, Songza and feedBurner. On the 10th of August 2015, Google announced the reorganization of its interests as a holding company, and became the leading subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. After the restructuring process Google became the umbrella company for the entire Alphabetââ¬â¢s internet interest (Google, 2015). Over the years, Google has made significant strides in the world of internet related products and services, creating some of the most widely used online services that had previously not been thought of. These products and services include a combination of search engine options, photo and file sharing platforms, Google maps, operating systems and applications that run in a vast array of devices among many other life changing inventions and ideas. It is evident that Google made these strides in the contemporary world owing brilliant ideas and strategic planning and effective implementation of such strategies. This paper seeks to explore Googleââ¬â¢s strategic plan, paying attention to its mission and vision, assets, competitiveness, challenges and opportunities, and its strategic goals. Mission and Vision Statements Since 1998, Google has grown according to the guidelines provided in its Mission and Vision statement, which has led it to its current position as one of the most powerful and valuable brands over the globe. Its Mission statement outlines the strategies of business, such as the creation of new products and services. It is focused on innovation and excellence. Furthermore, Googleââ¬â¢s Vision statement pushes the company to achieve new heights through rapid innovation and excellence. The companyââ¬â¢s success can be attributed to the companyââ¬â¢s efforts to fulfill their Mission and Vision statements. Googleââ¬â¢s Vision statement is ââ¬Å"to provide access to the worldââ¬â¢s information in one click.â⬠This vision statement reflects the nature of the companyââ¬â¢s business. The most popular product of Google is the search engine service, which provides easy access to information to and from people around the world. There are three fundamental variables in this Vision statement; accessibility, worldââ¬â¢s information and one click. The company gets worldââ¬â¢s information by searching webpages. It then maintains databases that contain the indexes of these webpages. Finally, the firm fulfils the accessibility variable by providing its search engine services to all people around the world with access to the worldwide web. The one click component here signifies the ease of access to information to anyone and anywhere on the planet. Googleââ¬â¢s Mission statement is ââ¬Å"to organize the worldââ¬â¢s information and make it universally accessible and useful.â⬠Since its foundation, the company has focused on creating proprietary algorithms that maximize its effectiveness and ensure that people have access to the information they need. The Mission Statement has four variables; worldââ¬â¢s information, organization, universal accessibility and usefulness. The company effectively follows its Mission and Vision statements by searching webpages, and organizing the information through its proprietary algorithm. It then provides universal accessibility to this information through their search engine services available worldwide. Summary of Internal Assets Assessment The main stakeholders of Google include; investors, users, employees, advertisers and developers. Google provides services to more than 12 billion users every month and this translates to more than 70 percent of the world searches. In the US, Google has more than 89 percent of the mobile search market. This is a huge clientele base and the strategies are aimed at keeping them happy and satisfied. Google has more than 53,600 full time employees and generates about 66 billion dollars in revenue globally (Statista, 2015). Their guiding organizational value and culture focus on the user, and they believe in doing something ââ¬Å"really well.â⬠The company also believes in fast internet connections and ââ¬Å"democracyâ⬠on the web. The provision of fast online services and the ability to choose from an assortment of available services help Google to achieve their mission, and it is evident they have become the largest online goods and service provider among the available. Goog le has achieved these milestones by providing valuable and organized online services at convenient level that is imperfectly imitable, like in mobile gadgets and devices (Jurevicius, 2014). Summary of External Environment Factors Googleââ¬â¢s external factors are mainly based on technological changes, and they serve either as opportunities or threats to the company. The outlook for the industry and market is very promising, especially if the company will be able emphasize its strengths and work to seal its weak points. The most significant political factors among Googleââ¬â¢s external environmental factors include; globalization, stable political climate in major markets and state-sponsored online companies that pose a threat. These political factors in Googleââ¬â¢s external environment are mainly opportunities. Globalization increases the demand for online advertising. The stable political climate in major markets minimizes obstacles to the firmââ¬â¢s expansion. Economic factors that will impact Google include rapid economic growth of developing countries and continued economic stability in major markets. These factors present an opportunity for growth as they create a momentum that can be exploi ted by the company for global expansion. As for social and cultural factors, there is a rising diversity of users in todayââ¬â¢s world, which presents an opportunity, and as noted, the increase in the use of social media advertising poses a threat to Googleââ¬â¢s main revenue producer. Technological factors include the significantly rising growth rates of internet access in developing nations and rapid adoption of mobile gadgets and devices globally. An improvement on the available mobile-friendliness of available online products and creation of new ones to meet changes in global markets will boost the companyââ¬â¢s growth. Despite the fact that Google generates most of its income online, the company is subject to ecological and environmental factors. The increasing awareness, spread of environmentalism, and growing interests in sustainable businesses present an opportunity for Google to integrate these factors into its product and service delivery. This will improve customer responses as most people perceive environmentalism and sustainability in a very positive way. Legal factors have a significant influence on the operations of the company. The increased regulations on online privacy and intellectual property rights give a chance to Google to improve its privacy measures and protect its clients, in addition to discouraging the violation of intellectual property rights. This will give clients a sense of security and they will be happy with Googleââ¬â¢s online services. These factors present an opportunity for the company to achieve its vision and strategy, which will be faced with a few challenges, although the company has a potential to overcome these threats and accomplish its mission and vision (Google, 2014). Assessment of Industry Competitiveness Google is well suited to compete with companies that offer similar goods and services. With the ever changing and rising diversity of internet users, tapping this opportunity will give Google a competitive advantage over potential rivals. There is reported an increase in social media usage, which can be perceived as a threat as some social media websites like Facebook are being used for advertising. However, Google still has an advantage, since its ads are found in different websites providing different kinds of information to a wide variety of clientele. Based on Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces analysis on Google, competitive rivalry exerts a significant force on the company. Threats of substitution and new entries are moderate considerations to the business industry environment. The bargaining powers of both suppliers and buyers are minimally significant factors, and Google should focus on addressing the strong forces of competition. The diverse set of products comes with a diverse set of competitors, and the only significant threat is the low switching cost to other similar companies (Smithson, 2015). Summary of Opportunities and Identified Key Challenges There are numerous opportunities that can be a boost to Google if they are exploited to their full potential. These include The driverless car that Google is working on could significantly improve Googleââ¬â¢s income in addition to bringing convenience in the society, especially for people who are unable to drive. Googleââ¬â¢s Nest is developing ââ¬Å"the internet of things.â⬠This is a low level Operating System(OS) meant to run on a variety of devices, creating a communication layer like a weave that will allow devices with low level OS to communicate, making it easy to control them. Robotics projects. Google owns several robotics projects that create a variety of robots ranging from robotic dogs to disaster response robots. Other Moonshot projects in their development stages, such as project Loon and Project Glass. There are also key challenges faced by Google today, and moving into the future. These include; Overdependence on search. Today, more than 80 percent of the profits made by Google are generated from search. This shows that they are heavily dependent on search services, indicating that if the search service collapses, the company will face extreme difficulties in raising revenues. State-sponsored online companies pose a threat to Google, as in the case of the Chinese governmentââ¬â¢s control of large firms in China. Strategic Goals Google has a strategic plan to be effected in the course of five years starting from 2014. This plan consists of four strategic goals. To become the primary interface of the world. In our day-to-day activities, we connect, create and discover, and we use a bunch of tools that primarily make our lives better. Although these tools have constantly changed over the years, they are a fundamental part of who we are. The primary strategy of Google here is to become the ultimate life tool, to be the primary lenses between the customer and everything else, to be the link between a person and the world around him or her. There is power and beauty in connecting the things that are used to shape the world around us. Google seeks to provide the option to live almost every aspect of our daily lives through its interface. This strategy will tighten their hold on search in addition to opening up new revenue models. For instance, a Google made gadget wakes a person up in the morning, he or she runs on a Google Glass enabled treadmill, and then a self-driving car takes that person to work. At work, the person spends the entire day using Google business applications on Google devices, ordering food, chatting with family and friends on same devices, and then watches TV shows in the evening when he or she gets home (Wilson, 2014). To improve the quality and access to the internet. Googleââ¬â¢s operations, growth and the speed of innovation are closely related to and dependent on widely available and fast internet connections. Today, Google is exploring all possible pathways to achieve this goal. Google fiber will continuously rollout to different areas around the globe, putting pressure on other similar service providers to deliver cheaper and faster services. This strategy can also be implemented within the wireless industry, carrying out small implementations to meet customer demands while staying away from government watchdogs. In the near future, Google will facilitate more high speed Wi-Fi networks similar to the one in Chelsea, New York, in public transportation and neighborhoods to make more partnerships between Google and companies with similar visions. Projects like Loon will create additional connectivity, aiming at connecting more than 50% of the worldââ¬â¢s population that is not yet connected by 2018 (Wilson, 2014). To ââ¬Å"own the homeâ⬠The house or home is one of the main focuses of Googleââ¬â¢s strategic plan. A home provides a self-contained environment that gives opportunities for technological innovation, especially when it comes to connectivity, automation and content. Googleââ¬â¢s acquisition of Nest puts the company in a leading position to build on smoke alarms and digital thermostats to conquer the emerging connected home and security market. These markets are coveted by cable and telecommunication companies, but Google has an upper hand when it uses central development platforms such as Android (Wilson, 2014). Content is the main aspect of Googleââ¬â¢s strategy for the home. Competitive TV products in specific Google Fiber Areas and Chromecast are turning into solid content platforms, with access to contents such as NFL among other deals to expand its Google Play service. New content owners are continuously brought to YouTube Platform in paid YouTube channels, generating more revenues. Automation is also on the strategic plan, with companies like Boston Dynamics aimed to create robots that will help out in executing household chores. To control more of the purchase cycle. Currently, Google only enjoys a small portion of the commerce pie, which they seek to increase significantly by 2018. Google plans to use online ads to influence different aspects of products purchased. For instance, they seek to connect online advertisement to retail shops and stores by sending taxi to pick the customer for free and take them to the store to purchase the item they clicked on an advertisement online. Google is also expanding product comparison tools by offering the ââ¬Å"recent pressâ⬠around Googleââ¬â¢s Flight Search evolution. They also plan to add purchasing functions in the main content platforms such as YouTube, Chromecast and Glass. Possible moves to increase their percent of the purchase cycle in the near future will include acquisition of more companies with unique yet fundamental products and services (Wilson, 2014). SMART Objectives for Each Strategic Goal To become the primary interface of the world. To become the primary choice of connection by 2020 To create gadgets and devices that will enhance convenience and connectivity in day-to-day life To provide primary and secondary connections between gadgets in the office To improve the quality and access to the internet. To provide fast internet connections with other partners in major cities by 2020. To expand Google Fiber network by 150 percent in the next five years. To provide low cost fast internet connections in 100 cities in the developing countries that will exhibit potential for growth by 2020. To ââ¬Å"own the homeâ⬠To set up content streaming services including big league games like the NFL To establish and maintain a strong customer base for Nestââ¬â¢s products, like smoke alarms and thermostats among other. To provide affordable ââ¬Å"home officeâ⬠working packages for users in major cities in the next two years. To control more of the purchase cycle. To increase the share of purchase cycle by 10 percent in every financial year until 2020 To use online advertisements to market goods and services offered by Google and its subsidiaries in order to increase revenue by 15-20 percent by 2018 To roll out more products and services that are market oriented in the next financial year. Placeholder Sections Marketing Plan Google is more than just a search engine as it specializes in technology and innovation. The search engine serves as a window to all sorts of webpages, videos, clouding books and music. The companyââ¬â¢s main income is generated by an advertising program called AdWords. The program uses Keyword-based ads that are sold to companies. For instance, if one sells spectacles and sunglasses, they bid against other similar dealers for the highest place in the order at which the search results appear to customers (Studymarketing.org, n.d.). Implementation Plan The company will invest available resources in implementing plans while paying attention to the small details, especially regarding customer preferences and satisfaction. Google is also willing to invest significant amount of resources to smaller firms with the capacity and the knowhow to create revolutionary gadgets, inventions and services. Other companies with similar interests that are looking for strong, both short and long-term partnership with Google will be highly considered. The rolling out of better quality and access to the internet, especially in the developing world will open up opportunities to exploit numerous untapped potential for the numerous products and services offered by Google. Human Resources Plan One of the main human resource tricks by Google is to make employees happy and satisfied. A team of experts will be hired regularly to test employees and gather information on how to improve products and service provision to customers. Keen attention is to be paid to the small things that have a great impact, such as the welfare of employees, namely health, and ensuring minimal wastage of precious resources such as time. Data will be used to establish the way of thinking among employees, and how to better manage the operations of the company. Financial Plan There is a concerted financial plan put in place that ensures the growth of revenues in an accelerating pace. The available resources will be invested in key areas that exhibit maximum effectiveness in managing costs and generating revenues. Resources will be made available to new expansion projects, innovations and developments that show great potential for growth. A team of experts will be working round the clock to forecast possible future financial results and determine the best pathways to invest the companyââ¬â¢s resources along with the pursuit of the short and long-term goals. Contingency Plan Diversification will be a key goal for the company going into the future. Generating income from different angles will shield the company from collapsing. However, in case of any unfortunate occurrence and if Google is adversely affected, the company has set aside enough resources to raise the company back to its feet and start operations again. The company has agreements with other financial institutions that will ensure provision of enough resources to fund the company back to operation in case of a disaster. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-81686714876227980842019-11-21T06:29:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:29:16.054-08:00Most Common Attribute Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsMost Common Attribute Error - Essay Example According to Huczynski & Buchanan, (2013), fundamental attribution error is a ââ¬Å"tendency to attribute anotherââ¬â¢s behavior to dispositional qualities, rather than the situation itself.â⬠(p. 34). For this type of error to occur, there must be a valid situational factor in that people end up overestimating the dispositional attributions. Psychologists have proved that humans have a tendency to judge others without having any prior knowledge of what actually happened and thus apply dispositional attributions. Since it is something impressed in a society, Brookwell (2013) proposed that this type of attribution error is purely a cultural bias because it focuses on personal responsibilities and not behavior. Self-serving bias is a tendency to stable, dispositional factors and failures to temporary, and its link to self-presentation and self-esteem (Huczynski & Buchanan, 2013). Therefore, if an outcome, either success or failure, contradicts expectations, people will be likely to make situational attributions. When taking exams, a good number of students have hopes of performing well. However, when the results are out and they realize they have failed or performed far below their expectations, they always justify their failure with external factors, which are not controllable in most cases. Therefore, when people fail in cases where they put in a lot of efforts, they always attribute their failure using situational factors. Considerations that affect self-serving bias include projection of self-esteem in future, emotional state, desire for positive self-esteem, and culture. When people perform well with lots of efforts, they attribute their success to dispositional factors. In most cases, talking about failure is something everyone tries to avoid because of the unexpected reactions from friends and family. In the context of failing an exam, it is very easy for people to know even if they are not told Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-11789128887272922742019-11-20T06:50:00.001-08:002019-11-20T06:50:05.403-08:00Healthcare finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsHealthcare finance - Assignment Example Variability in contribution further implies variability in marginal cost equation because contribution is an element of the equation. In addition, contribution has direct impact on profit and change in the environment, with volume remaining constant, means lower profit to volume ration because of lower contribution. Further, reduced marginal cost, due to discount the discounted fee for service environment shifts the break-even point. Consequently, contribution influences change in the other three elements of the analysis (Gapenski, 2008). Ability to identify factors to cost is one of the important attributes of cost drivers. This allows for cost determination and ability to control costs. Another important attribute of an effective cost driver, which transcends to effectiveness of cost allocation, is the ability to identify the level at which cost occur, a feature that facilitate understanding of costs and their control (Gapenski, 2008; Kinney and Raiborn, Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-40250884798747818692019-11-17T20:01:00.001-08:002019-11-17T20:01:05.070-08:00Marketing of Company Revive Gum that Removes Stress EssayMarketing of Company Revive Gum that Removes Stress - Essay Example Products such as energy drinks and vitamins have become a popular commodity amongst consumers. Moreover, the features of our product extended far beyond just the traditional needs of the customer. The innovation of making a product that not only is packed with energy boosting supplements such as L-Carnitine, treated for failing memory, Echinacea, proven to improve immune system response, ginseng, but would also whiten teeth. The gum industry according to studies is also a huge market accumulating for 60% of the market share and is estimated to be worth $19 billion in sales. Also, gum is such a cheap commodity that is purchased by every demographic group from children to senior citizens. Hence, the group decided that this would be a great market to enter in. Revive, is an innovative gum product that is scientifically proven to reduce stress in everyday basis. Revive uses all natural vitamins and ingredients that are proven to enhance memory, diminish stress, and enable the person to a chieve unbelievable focus. Revive uses key vitals ingredients such as B12, B-6, L-Arginine that energizes the nervous system. Revive also uses all natural ingredients such as Fluoride and Calcium to whiten teeth. Revive is the only product in the market possesses all these features. One of the major problems identified in todayââ¬â¢s society is the fact that people are engaged in activities that produce stress. Our study proved that around 70% of the population was heavily involved in stress-related activities. Clearly, a solution was needed to resolve that particular problem. Furthermore, research showed that people admitted that they are a better person as far as coping with stress is concerned. In addition, 60% of the people approved that dealing with stress in a natural way gives them a positive direction in life. Most people also reported feeling weak and lethargic when faced with stress. Clearly, people wanted to feel better and live better, which became a critical componen t in developing our product. Hence, as smart marketers, we decided it was a smart idea to create a product that not only whitens teeth but also acts as a stress reliever. Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2759228177769143475.post-18552675235095294092019-11-15T08:33:00.001-08:002019-11-15T08:33:15.632-08:00Water Mist Replacement for Halon ExtinguishersWater Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers CHAPTER ONE: 1.1: Introduction Choosing the best fire suppression technology is not an easy task. It even involves discussing risks and operations with insurance companies. The most relevant concern of a fire safety engineer is the protection of life which entails the safe evacuation of personnel. The starting point of a suppression system is a risk analysis to reduce the potential occurrence of a fire. This is followed by the control of the damage and the recovery effort or emergency response associated with the means of fire suppression adopted. The quality of installation, efficiency and maintenance of the suppression system adopted cannot be over-emphasised. The phase out of halons, due to environmental concerns, has lead to forceful development of new fire prevention strategies and technologies that are efficient, as well as environmentally friendly technologies. Fire protection halons were phased out of production in developing countries due to the quest to regulate the use of ozone depleting substances(ODS) as reflected in the Montreal Protocol,1987(London Amendment 1990, and Copenhagen amendment1992). Fire suppression agents have two (2) toxicological aspects to them: The toxicity of the agent The toxicity of combustion products of the agent. Several new fire suppression systems have been developed such as inert and halocarbon gaseous systems, water mist systems, gas and aerosol generators. Fire has been extinguished with water since ancient times. Water in the normal form is not a suitable suppression medium of all classes of fire. The efficiency of water in suppression is enhanced by its use of water in form of mists. Survey by Mawhinney and Richardson in 1996 showed that about 50 agencies worldwide are involved in the research and development of water fire mist and suppression systems. Water mist in fire suppression does not behave like true gaseous agents and is affected by fire size, the degree of obstruction, ceiling and the ventilation conditions of the compartment. To effectively suppress a fire, a water mist system must generate and deliver optimum sized droplets with an adequate. 1.2: Objectives and Structure of Dissertation This project aims at studying the water mist as a replacement for halons systems in the extinguishment of fires. This replacement is a direct consequence of the phase out of halons due to environmental issues and the need to find a drop-in replacement or a suitable alternative in areas where high level of fire safety is required and the cost of fatalities is too high. Chapter 2 2.1: Overview of Fire Suppression To suppress fires, the type of fire needs to be identified. The class of the fire to be extinguished also determines the type of extinguisher that can be used. There are six (6) types of fires: Class A FIRES: These involve flammable or combustible solids such as wood, rubber, fabric, paper and some plastics. Class B FIRES: These are fires involving flammable and combustible liquids or liquefiable solids such as oil, alcohol, petrol, paint and liquefiable waxes.[9] Class C FIRES: These are fires involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane.[9] Class D FIRES: These are fires involving combustible metals, such as sodium and potassium.[9] Class E FIRES: These are fires involving any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but including electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.[9] http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/FirstLineO2CD/page_06.htm Class F FIRES: These fires involve cooking fats and oils, especially in industrial kitchens. The temperature of these fats and oil on fire is much greater than that of other flammable liquids. 2.2: Means of Fire Suppression The aim of fire suppression is to provide cooling, control the spread of the fire as well as extinguish the fire. The behaviour of a fire is charcterised by the fire triangle which has fuel, oxygen and heat as its three sides. Combustion process is represented by: Fuel + O2 HEAT H2O + CO2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn2.1 The combustion process is an exothermic reaction, involving a fuel and oxygen. The ratio of fuel to air must be within the flammability limits of the fuel for combustion to occur. The Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) is the minimum concentration of fuel vapour in air, below which a flame cannot be supported in the presence of an ignition source. The Upper Flammability Level (UFL) is the maximum concentration of fuel vapour in air, above which a flame cannot be supported. Stoichiometric Mixture is the ratio of fuel in oxygen that requires minimal energy to support a flame. A branch of the triangle must be removed for the fire to be extinguished. Fires can either be smoldering or flaming combustion. Smoldering occurs when solids such as wood or plastics burn at or on the surface. It usually involves the release of toxic gases and can be difficult to extinguish. Flaming combustion is a gas phase phenomenon that involves the release of visible and infrared radiation. This type of fire generates much more heat. The extinguishing of a fire involves either chemical or physical mechanisms. Physical mechanism: Involves the removal of one side of the fire triangle. This can be done by either blanketing the fire (causing the fuel and air to be separated) or by removing the heat source using an agent with a high heat capacity/ latent heat of vaporization (this will cool the flame by absorbing the heat). Physical mechanism could be thermal or dilution. Thermal physical effect involves adding non-reactive gas to a fire plume leading to a reduction in the flame temperature. This is achieved by the distribution of the heat generated to a larger heat area. The heat capacity of the introduced agent determines the efficiency of the process. On the other hand, for dilution physical effect, the collision frequency of oxygen molecules with the fuel is lowered when the additional gas is introduced into the fuel-air mixture. This effect is quite minimal and negligible. Chemical mechanism: This is the use of an extinguishing agent or its degradation product to disrupt the chain reaction for sustaining combustion. This entails inhibition by halogen atoms. Most good suppressants apply both the physical and the chemical mechanisms. The type of hazard associated with an area determines the fire protection system that will be put in place. Halons have been used in a wide range of applications. Other alternatives include: Water Sprinkler Systems: This is a very common type of fixed protection that offers safe protection to limit structural damage. The cost of installing water sprinkler systems into existing structures is quite expensive. They are better at protecting structures than its contents [11]. The reliability of water sprinkler system has encouraged its wide use. Accidental discharge is uncommon with water sprinkler systems. Water sprinklers have a much slower response than other systems. They also cause a considerable secondary damage. They cannot be used on live electrical equipment and flammable liquids, but they are used widely in computer and control rooms as well as storage rooms in the USA. Detectors: This involves the use of high sensitive smoke detection. This is not exactly an active fire protection approach but it serves as an initiator to other fire protection systems [2]. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is widely used in gaseous based fire extinguishing systems. There are two types of carbon dioxide system depending on the manner by which they are stored. These are high pressure and low pressure carbon dioxide systems. It is a clean agent and has a good penetrating ability. This makes it safe for use on live electrical equipment. They are also used in unoccupied spaces such as computer and control rooms. Carbon dioxide causes very minimal direct or secondary damage and allows the installation being put back to immediate use after a fire. It is however toxic and cannot be used in total flooding situations. Carbon dioxide cannot also be used in situations where weight and space are important. High concentrations of carbon dioxide are required for extinguishment and as such they are bulky and heavy. They cannot be used in manned areas because they reduce the oxygen concentration to levels below life support and thus cannot be set in automatic mode. Carbon dioxide systems are generally fast acting and cost effective. Carbon dioxide has also found use in record storage, flammable liquid fires, chemical processing equipment, turbine generators, marine applications, computer rooms and shipboard machinery. Inert Gases: inert gases in use for fire suppression are majorly argon and nitrogen mixtures. These are electrically non-conductive fire suppressants. The mechanism behind their use is the lowering of the oxygen concentration of air to that below the lower flammability point (LFL). They are not liquefied gases and they are bulky because they are stored at high pressure. The concentration of inert gases released in the hazardous area is high because they have densities that are similar to that of air. Their response time is not very fast and so they are not efficient in situations where the rate of fire spread is high. Inert gases do not decompose thermally and thus they form no breakdown products [2]. Inert gases can cause an extreme decrease in the composition of oxygen in the body accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide leading to loss of consciousness or death and as such health and safety issues have to be considered in its use. Inert gases have found wi de acceptance because they pose no environmental problems. They are not ozone depleting substances neither do they contribute to global warming. They are employed in computer and control rooms, record storage, flammable liquid fires and shipboard machinery [2]. Halocarbon Gases: These are hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons with zero ozone depleting potentials. They are however greenhouse gases and are governed by the Kyoto protocol and hence its release counts towards the national emissions inventory of global warming gases. Halocarbons are electrically non-conductive, are clean agents and are not bulky in terms of space and weight. Foam Systems: Foam systems could be low, medium or high expansion systems. Foam systems are efficient for extinguishing liquid pool fires and large cable fires. In this case, the foam acts as a barrier between the fire and the supply of oxygen. The use of chemical dispersants to clean up after its use has limited the wide use of foam systems. Furthermore the use of smoke detectors for its activation limits its speed of response. They cannot be used to protect any substance that reacts violently with water. Foams systems are often used with water sprinklers. This increases the efficiency of the systems. Foam systems have found use in the extinguishment of flammable liquid fires, engine compartments and shipboard machinery. Dry Powder: Powders have very high response time for extinguishing fires but have no cooling effect. They thus become ineffective as soon as it settles [2]. They are limited in application to extinguishing flammable liquid fires as well as engine spaces. Fine Solid Particulates: This system is used in combination with halocarbon gases and inert gases [2]. They have the advantage of reduced wall and surface losses relative to water mist and particle size is easier to control[2]. They however pose problems to sensitive equipment and cannot be used for explosion suppression applications because they are generated at high temperatures. Fine solid particulates can only be used in unmanned areas because of the problems associated with inhalation of particulate substances. Water Mist: This employs the use of fine water sprays, usually less than 100 microns in diameter. Water mists can be used on flammable liquid fires, as well as electrical equipment. They are not as effective on small or slow burning fires. Water mist installations pose problems in their design and fabrication. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid systems combine one or more of the above fire protection system. A common example of this is the combination of water mist systems and carbon dioxide. There are two methods of applying fire extinguishing agents-Total Flooding and Local Application. Total Flooding: They are operated automatically and manually. It entails applying an extinguishing agent to an enclosed space to achieve a concentration of the extinguisher that is capable of putting out the fire. This method is the most common system of application Local Application: The agent is applied directly onto the fire plume or the affected enclosure. Portable fire extinguishers are the most common forms of this approach. This method is also known as streaming application. There is an increase in the need for the phasing out of halons and this has brought the search for the perfect or drop-in replacement. The department of trade and industry in 1995 listed checklists for the selection of alternatives to halons in critical uses situations as: Fire fighting effectiveness: This involves the speed of fire suppression, the post fire hold time, the ability of the alternative to permeate, the elimination of the risk of reignition, the suitability of the alternative to the fire hazard. Ease of Installation: Ease of maintenance, pipe work, and cost of installation, cost of refill, floor space and weight, system re-instate time, and availability of the extinguisher. Hazards to occupants: Toxicity, noise levels, pressurisation, inhalation, visibility, safety as regards electrical work, thermal decomposition products [2]. Discharge effect on equipment: water damage, clean up, corrosion, thermal shock. Environmental acceptability: Ozone depletion potential, atmospheric lifetime, and global warming potential. Discharge damage: This entails clean up of the agent after use, water damage, thermal shock and corrosion. Esso Australia, while looking for alternatives to halons on their installations considered the following issues [14]: Effectiveness at extinguishing fires Environmental effects (a zero ozone depleting and global warming potential) of the agent before use and after thermal decomposition. Toxicity level and a safety margin between its No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL value) and the extinguishing concentration required Third party approval from regulatory bodies and safety partners such as International Maritime Organisation (IMO), NFPA, and EPA or Underwriters laboratory Organisations. Level of engineering required to modify an existing halon protected installations. Availability as regards to installation and maintenance at a reasonable cost. 2.2: Health and Safety Issues Considering the health and safety in the UK, there is no specific regulation as regards choice of fire extinguishing systems. Otherwise fire risks and risk from the use of extinguishment can be categorised under risks at work. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 stipulates all risks at work are to be assessed and prevented where ever it is reasonably practicable, controlled. In cases where fire extinguishing systems contain toxic substances then the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH regs) will also apply. The basis of the two regulations is the prevention rather than control of the risk. 2.3: Environmental regulations The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has prohibited the use of new halon systems from 1994, but accepts the use of existing ones. The EU has banned its use onboard vessels by the end of 2003. The following are regulations that are put in place to phase out the use of halons. The Montreal protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer- the Montreal protocol, signed by 25 countries on the 16th of September, 1987 is an international treaty for the control of the production and use of ozone depleting substances. It involves the restriction and eventual prohibition of the production, distribution and use of Ozone Depleting Substances. A copy of this document is attached in Appendix 1. The EC regulations: This European legislation was put in place to further tighten the restriction on the ban of ozone depleting substances. EC Regulation 3093/94 came into force on the 23rd of December 1994. EC Regulation 3093/94 is directly binding in all EU Member States and does not require any national implementing legislation. The new Regulation EC 2037/2000 came into force on 1 October 2000, replacing the Regulation 3093/94. The enforcement requires the use of bodies such as the HM Customs and Excise concerning import of controlled substances. The Department of the Environment proposes to implement these arrangements through enforcement regulations made under both the Environmental Protection Act 1990 s.140 and the European Communities Act 1972.(EC REGULATION) The new requirements are applicable to the production, distribution, use and recovery, and control of hazardous substances. The regulations also require the recovery of used controlled substances from certain equipment, s uch as fire protection systems, for disposal or recycling, during servicing and maintenance procedures of equipment. A copy of the regulation is attached to Appendix 2. The Victorian Environment Protection Legislation for the Control of Ozone Depleting substances (Victorian Government Gazette No.S57, 1990) this piece of legislation depicts the Australian governments compliance, reliance and advocacy to the implementation of the Montreal protocol on the phasing out of halon use [14]. Environmental Protection agency: Under the Clean Air Amendment, the United States Environmental Protection agency, EPA analysed various substances that could substitute fire extinguishing agents that destroy the ozone layer. These substances also have low global warming potential and low Atmospheric lifetime. The SNAP program (Significant New Alternatives Policy) is used by the EPA to replace the use of halons with environmentally friendly systems in the United States. The Clean Air Act was signed into law in 1990. With this Act, the US banned the production and import of new halons 1211, 1301 and 2402 from the 1st of January 1994 in compliance with the Montreal Protocol. The US government also imposed excise tax on halons through specialized training and proper recycling and disposal. Chapter Three: Halon Systems Halon is the generic name for bromine contained halogenated hydrocarbons. Halons systems were first installed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the gaseous form, halons are excellent fire extinguishers. Halons are mostly employed in situations where fire safety standards are high. Halons are identified by a four digit number. The numbering system is assigned by the number of carbon, number of fluorine, chlorine and bromine atoms respectively. Halon 1301, containing carbon, fluorine and bromine is used in total flooding applications while halon 1211, containing carbon, fluorine, chlorine and bromine is used as hand held portable extinguishers. The two common halon types described are effective in extinguishing classes A, B and C fires. These halons are preferred because they exhibited: high efficiency in suffocating combustion, availability in volume at reasonable cost, high storage stability, low electrical conductivity, as well as acceptable toxic properties. 3.1: Characteristics of Halons Halons interfere with the chemical reactions which take place during a fire. The properties of halons allow for its use in most situations and thus most of its applications are linked to particular characteristics. These principal applications include: Clean fire fighting agent: Halons leave no residue after use. This eliminates secondary damages and keeping loss caused by the fire to a minimum [12]. Electrically non-conductive: This property makes it suitable for safe application on fires involving electrical equipment. It will prevent exposure of fire fighters to electric shock. Low toxicity: This property makes halons acceptable and in most cases halon flooding systems are set in automatic mode by default. They can also be used to extinguish fires while people are present in the protected room. Halon flooding systems do not displace so much oxygen which can lead to suffocation[12] Rapid response: Halons are effective for rapid knockdown of flames. This property is mostly essential for class B fires involving liquid and liquefiable solids. Low concentration requirement: This means low quantity or amount of halons are required for extinguishment. It minimizes weight and space allowance [12]. Gaseous state: This allows for good penetration and effective extinguishment in confined spaces. Boiling point: The boiling point of about -4 allows it to be discharged (in the case of hand-held extinguishers) as a liquid for a while before it vaporises. This is a key requirement in some manual fire fighting applications.[12] Low heat of vaporisation: Halons will not condense to form water or ice in halon flooding systems. The most important advantage of halons is in its cost effectiveness. Halon fixed systems are the most cost effective of all extinguishing systems. 3.2: Extinguishing Mechanisms of Halons Halons extinguish fires both chemically and physically. Chemically they interfere with the chemical reactions that take place during the fire. This characterises halons as inhibitors. Radicals released during combustion to keep the fire burning are suppressed chemically by halons. This reaction is anti-catalytic. When halons are heated during combustion, they produce free radicals which compete with those produced by the original combustion process [2]. Halon 1301 produces bromine radicals which react with hydrogen free radicals to produce hydrogen bromide. The hydrogen bromide then reacts with hydroxyl radical to form water and bromide. The bromide released reacts with the combustion fire again and the whole cycle is repeated. The hydrogen and hydroxyl free radicals produced by combustion are greatly reduced in concentration by combining with the halogen free radicals produced by halons [3]. Where RH is the combustible fuel, XBr is a halon agent RH + O2 ENERGY OH + R â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.1 XBr ENERGY Br + Xâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.2 RH + Br HBr + Râ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.3 HBr + OH H2O + Brâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.4 RH ENERGY R + Hâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.5 H + Br HBrâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.6 The combination of bromine and hydroxyl radical is also an ozone destructive reaction: HOBr UV Br + OHâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.7 OH + O3 HO2 + O2..eqn3.8 Br + O3 BrO + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.9 BrO + HO2 HOBr + O2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.10 3.3: HALONS AND THE OZONE 3.3.1: The ozone layer The earth is enclosed by the atmosphere. This atmosphere is made up of a mixture of numerous gases in varying proportions. The atmosphere is further subdivided into three regions depending on temperature. These regions are: Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere. The word ozone is from a Greek word, ozein, for to smell. It is an allotropic form of oxygen having three atoms in each molecule. It is a pale blue, highly poisonous gas with a strong odour. [10] In its thickest part in the stratosphere, it is only a trace gas.. Ozone is highest in concentration, about 97%, in the stratosphere (15-60 kilometers above the Earths surface) where it absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is also highly concentrated at the Earths surface in and around cities. The buildup of ozone on the earths surface in and around cities is a result of industrial activities and is toxic to organisms living at the Earths surface. Table 3.1 shows the percentage volume composition of the constituents of atmospheric air *variable gases http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html Ozone is very reactive and a stronger oxidising agent than oxygen. It is used in purifying water, sterilising air, and bleaching certain foods. Ozone is formed when an electric spark is passed through oxygen. Ozone is prepared commercially by passing cold, dry oxygen through a silent electrical discharge [7]. Ozone formed in the atmosphere is from nitrogen oxides and organic gases emitted by automobiles and industrial sources [7]. This is achieved by short wavelength ultraviolet. This is actually a health hazard, and it may cause crop damage in some regions. Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometer reacts with oxygen molecules to make ozone. O2 UV O + Oâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.11 O + O2 O3 + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.12 The heat released here is absorbed by the atmosphere and results in a rise in temperature of the atmosphere. The structure of ozone has 3 oxygen atoms, but steric hindrance prevents it from forming a triangular structure, with each O atom forming the expected 2 bonds. Instead each atom of oxygen forms only 1 bond, with the remaining negative charge being spread throughout the molecule.[7] Ozone is very unstable. It is decomposed either by collision with monoatomic oxygen or by ultraviolet radiation on it. The decomposition causes ozone to form oxygen molecules. Heat is also released to the atmosphere by this reaction O + O3 O2 + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.13 O3 UV O2 + O + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.14 Ozone is decomposed in the stratosphere to prevent highly energetic ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. 3.3.2: Halons and ozone depletion The ozone layer is mainly depleted by compounds containing chlorine and bromine. Halogens are a chemical family containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; any carbon compound containing them is known as a halocarbon. While all halogens have the ability to catalyze ozone breakdown, they have an unequal impact on the ozone layer. The quantity of halons released into the atmosphere is small relative to the number of gases present in the atmosphere. Yet they are more active in destroying the ozone or disrupting the ozone balance for two reasons: Ozone is in a constant state of imbalance, as it is destroyed and produced by natural processes. This process is controlled by solar input that does not undergo significant fluctuations. The stability of halons makes it transportable from the troposphere to the stratosphere where halogens are made active and broken down very fast, destroying ozone in the stratosphere. . The impact is described as depletion potential of the halocarbon. The OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL (ODP) is a simple measure of its ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. The ODP of compounds are calculated with reference to the ODP of CFC-11, which is defined to be 1. Thus ODP is a relative measure. A compound withan ODP of 0.2 is, roughly speaking, one-fifth as bad as CFC-11. The ODP of a compound x is expressed mathematically as the ratio of the total amount of ozone destroyed by a fixed amount of compound x to the amount of ozone destroyed by the same mass of CFC-11[8]: Global loss of Ozone due to x ODP(x) == â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.15[8] Global loss of ozone due to CFC-11. The above expression depicts that the ODP of CFC-11 is 1.0 by definition. The uncertainties experienced in evaluating the global loss of ozone due to a compound are eliminated here since the mathematical expression is a ratio. Evaluating the ODP of a compound is affected by the following: The quantity of chlorine or bromine atoms in a molecule. The nature of the halogen, as bromine is a more ozone- destructive catalyst than chlorine. Atmospheric lifetime of the substance: The atmospheric lifetime of the halon is the time it takes for the global amount of the gas to decay to 36.8% of its original concentration after initial emission. Compounds with low atmospheric lifetimes have lower ODP because it is destroyed in the troposphere. Molecular mass of the substance: This is because ODP is evaluated by comparing equal masses and not number of moles. Table3.2 gives time-dependent and steady-state ODPs for some halocarbon in wide use. Compound Formula Ozone Depletion Potential 10yr 30yr 100yr Steady State CFC-113 CF2ClFCl2 0.56 0.62 0.78 1.10 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.08 Methyl Chloroform CH3CCl3 0.75 0.32 0.15 0.12 HCFC-22 CHF2Cl 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.05 Halon-1301 CF3Br 10.4 Water Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers Water Mist Replacement for Halon Extinguishers CHAPTER ONE: 1.1: Introduction Choosing the best fire suppression technology is not an easy task. It even involves discussing risks and operations with insurance companies. The most relevant concern of a fire safety engineer is the protection of life which entails the safe evacuation of personnel. The starting point of a suppression system is a risk analysis to reduce the potential occurrence of a fire. This is followed by the control of the damage and the recovery effort or emergency response associated with the means of fire suppression adopted. The quality of installation, efficiency and maintenance of the suppression system adopted cannot be over-emphasised. The phase out of halons, due to environmental concerns, has lead to forceful development of new fire prevention strategies and technologies that are efficient, as well as environmentally friendly technologies. Fire protection halons were phased out of production in developing countries due to the quest to regulate the use of ozone depleting substances(ODS) as reflected in the Montreal Protocol,1987(London Amendment 1990, and Copenhagen amendment1992). Fire suppression agents have two (2) toxicological aspects to them: The toxicity of the agent The toxicity of combustion products of the agent. Several new fire suppression systems have been developed such as inert and halocarbon gaseous systems, water mist systems, gas and aerosol generators. Fire has been extinguished with water since ancient times. Water in the normal form is not a suitable suppression medium of all classes of fire. The efficiency of water in suppression is enhanced by its use of water in form of mists. Survey by Mawhinney and Richardson in 1996 showed that about 50 agencies worldwide are involved in the research and development of water fire mist and suppression systems. Water mist in fire suppression does not behave like true gaseous agents and is affected by fire size, the degree of obstruction, ceiling and the ventilation conditions of the compartment. To effectively suppress a fire, a water mist system must generate and deliver optimum sized droplets with an adequate. 1.2: Objectives and Structure of Dissertation This project aims at studying the water mist as a replacement for halons systems in the extinguishment of fires. This replacement is a direct consequence of the phase out of halons due to environmental issues and the need to find a drop-in replacement or a suitable alternative in areas where high level of fire safety is required and the cost of fatalities is too high. Chapter 2 2.1: Overview of Fire Suppression To suppress fires, the type of fire needs to be identified. The class of the fire to be extinguished also determines the type of extinguisher that can be used. There are six (6) types of fires: Class A FIRES: These involve flammable or combustible solids such as wood, rubber, fabric, paper and some plastics. Class B FIRES: These are fires involving flammable and combustible liquids or liquefiable solids such as oil, alcohol, petrol, paint and liquefiable waxes.[9] Class C FIRES: These are fires involving flammable gases such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane.[9] Class D FIRES: These are fires involving combustible metals, such as sodium and potassium.[9] Class E FIRES: These are fires involving any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but including electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.[9] http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/FirstLineO2CD/page_06.htm Class F FIRES: These fires involve cooking fats and oils, especially in industrial kitchens. The temperature of these fats and oil on fire is much greater than that of other flammable liquids. 2.2: Means of Fire Suppression The aim of fire suppression is to provide cooling, control the spread of the fire as well as extinguish the fire. The behaviour of a fire is charcterised by the fire triangle which has fuel, oxygen and heat as its three sides. Combustion process is represented by: Fuel + O2 HEAT H2O + CO2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn2.1 The combustion process is an exothermic reaction, involving a fuel and oxygen. The ratio of fuel to air must be within the flammability limits of the fuel for combustion to occur. The Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) is the minimum concentration of fuel vapour in air, below which a flame cannot be supported in the presence of an ignition source. The Upper Flammability Level (UFL) is the maximum concentration of fuel vapour in air, above which a flame cannot be supported. Stoichiometric Mixture is the ratio of fuel in oxygen that requires minimal energy to support a flame. A branch of the triangle must be removed for the fire to be extinguished. Fires can either be smoldering or flaming combustion. Smoldering occurs when solids such as wood or plastics burn at or on the surface. It usually involves the release of toxic gases and can be difficult to extinguish. Flaming combustion is a gas phase phenomenon that involves the release of visible and infrared radiation. This type of fire generates much more heat. The extinguishing of a fire involves either chemical or physical mechanisms. Physical mechanism: Involves the removal of one side of the fire triangle. This can be done by either blanketing the fire (causing the fuel and air to be separated) or by removing the heat source using an agent with a high heat capacity/ latent heat of vaporization (this will cool the flame by absorbing the heat). Physical mechanism could be thermal or dilution. Thermal physical effect involves adding non-reactive gas to a fire plume leading to a reduction in the flame temperature. This is achieved by the distribution of the heat generated to a larger heat area. The heat capacity of the introduced agent determines the efficiency of the process. On the other hand, for dilution physical effect, the collision frequency of oxygen molecules with the fuel is lowered when the additional gas is introduced into the fuel-air mixture. This effect is quite minimal and negligible. Chemical mechanism: This is the use of an extinguishing agent or its degradation product to disrupt the chain reaction for sustaining combustion. This entails inhibition by halogen atoms. Most good suppressants apply both the physical and the chemical mechanisms. The type of hazard associated with an area determines the fire protection system that will be put in place. Halons have been used in a wide range of applications. Other alternatives include: Water Sprinkler Systems: This is a very common type of fixed protection that offers safe protection to limit structural damage. The cost of installing water sprinkler systems into existing structures is quite expensive. They are better at protecting structures than its contents [11]. The reliability of water sprinkler system has encouraged its wide use. Accidental discharge is uncommon with water sprinkler systems. Water sprinklers have a much slower response than other systems. They also cause a considerable secondary damage. They cannot be used on live electrical equipment and flammable liquids, but they are used widely in computer and control rooms as well as storage rooms in the USA. Detectors: This involves the use of high sensitive smoke detection. This is not exactly an active fire protection approach but it serves as an initiator to other fire protection systems [2]. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is widely used in gaseous based fire extinguishing systems. There are two types of carbon dioxide system depending on the manner by which they are stored. These are high pressure and low pressure carbon dioxide systems. It is a clean agent and has a good penetrating ability. This makes it safe for use on live electrical equipment. They are also used in unoccupied spaces such as computer and control rooms. Carbon dioxide causes very minimal direct or secondary damage and allows the installation being put back to immediate use after a fire. It is however toxic and cannot be used in total flooding situations. Carbon dioxide cannot also be used in situations where weight and space are important. High concentrations of carbon dioxide are required for extinguishment and as such they are bulky and heavy. They cannot be used in manned areas because they reduce the oxygen concentration to levels below life support and thus cannot be set in automatic mode. Carbon dioxide systems are generally fast acting and cost effective. Carbon dioxide has also found use in record storage, flammable liquid fires, chemical processing equipment, turbine generators, marine applications, computer rooms and shipboard machinery. Inert Gases: inert gases in use for fire suppression are majorly argon and nitrogen mixtures. These are electrically non-conductive fire suppressants. The mechanism behind their use is the lowering of the oxygen concentration of air to that below the lower flammability point (LFL). They are not liquefied gases and they are bulky because they are stored at high pressure. The concentration of inert gases released in the hazardous area is high because they have densities that are similar to that of air. Their response time is not very fast and so they are not efficient in situations where the rate of fire spread is high. Inert gases do not decompose thermally and thus they form no breakdown products [2]. Inert gases can cause an extreme decrease in the composition of oxygen in the body accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide leading to loss of consciousness or death and as such health and safety issues have to be considered in its use. Inert gases have found wi de acceptance because they pose no environmental problems. They are not ozone depleting substances neither do they contribute to global warming. They are employed in computer and control rooms, record storage, flammable liquid fires and shipboard machinery [2]. Halocarbon Gases: These are hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons with zero ozone depleting potentials. They are however greenhouse gases and are governed by the Kyoto protocol and hence its release counts towards the national emissions inventory of global warming gases. Halocarbons are electrically non-conductive, are clean agents and are not bulky in terms of space and weight. Foam Systems: Foam systems could be low, medium or high expansion systems. Foam systems are efficient for extinguishing liquid pool fires and large cable fires. In this case, the foam acts as a barrier between the fire and the supply of oxygen. The use of chemical dispersants to clean up after its use has limited the wide use of foam systems. Furthermore the use of smoke detectors for its activation limits its speed of response. They cannot be used to protect any substance that reacts violently with water. Foams systems are often used with water sprinklers. This increases the efficiency of the systems. Foam systems have found use in the extinguishment of flammable liquid fires, engine compartments and shipboard machinery. Dry Powder: Powders have very high response time for extinguishing fires but have no cooling effect. They thus become ineffective as soon as it settles [2]. They are limited in application to extinguishing flammable liquid fires as well as engine spaces. Fine Solid Particulates: This system is used in combination with halocarbon gases and inert gases [2]. They have the advantage of reduced wall and surface losses relative to water mist and particle size is easier to control[2]. They however pose problems to sensitive equipment and cannot be used for explosion suppression applications because they are generated at high temperatures. Fine solid particulates can only be used in unmanned areas because of the problems associated with inhalation of particulate substances. Water Mist: This employs the use of fine water sprays, usually less than 100 microns in diameter. Water mists can be used on flammable liquid fires, as well as electrical equipment. They are not as effective on small or slow burning fires. Water mist installations pose problems in their design and fabrication. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid systems combine one or more of the above fire protection system. A common example of this is the combination of water mist systems and carbon dioxide. There are two methods of applying fire extinguishing agents-Total Flooding and Local Application. Total Flooding: They are operated automatically and manually. It entails applying an extinguishing agent to an enclosed space to achieve a concentration of the extinguisher that is capable of putting out the fire. This method is the most common system of application Local Application: The agent is applied directly onto the fire plume or the affected enclosure. Portable fire extinguishers are the most common forms of this approach. This method is also known as streaming application. There is an increase in the need for the phasing out of halons and this has brought the search for the perfect or drop-in replacement. The department of trade and industry in 1995 listed checklists for the selection of alternatives to halons in critical uses situations as: Fire fighting effectiveness: This involves the speed of fire suppression, the post fire hold time, the ability of the alternative to permeate, the elimination of the risk of reignition, the suitability of the alternative to the fire hazard. Ease of Installation: Ease of maintenance, pipe work, and cost of installation, cost of refill, floor space and weight, system re-instate time, and availability of the extinguisher. Hazards to occupants: Toxicity, noise levels, pressurisation, inhalation, visibility, safety as regards electrical work, thermal decomposition products [2]. Discharge effect on equipment: water damage, clean up, corrosion, thermal shock. Environmental acceptability: Ozone depletion potential, atmospheric lifetime, and global warming potential. Discharge damage: This entails clean up of the agent after use, water damage, thermal shock and corrosion. Esso Australia, while looking for alternatives to halons on their installations considered the following issues [14]: Effectiveness at extinguishing fires Environmental effects (a zero ozone depleting and global warming potential) of the agent before use and after thermal decomposition. Toxicity level and a safety margin between its No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL value) and the extinguishing concentration required Third party approval from regulatory bodies and safety partners such as International Maritime Organisation (IMO), NFPA, and EPA or Underwriters laboratory Organisations. Level of engineering required to modify an existing halon protected installations. Availability as regards to installation and maintenance at a reasonable cost. 2.2: Health and Safety Issues Considering the health and safety in the UK, there is no specific regulation as regards choice of fire extinguishing systems. Otherwise fire risks and risk from the use of extinguishment can be categorised under risks at work. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 stipulates all risks at work are to be assessed and prevented where ever it is reasonably practicable, controlled. In cases where fire extinguishing systems contain toxic substances then the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH regs) will also apply. The basis of the two regulations is the prevention rather than control of the risk. 2.3: Environmental regulations The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has prohibited the use of new halon systems from 1994, but accepts the use of existing ones. The EU has banned its use onboard vessels by the end of 2003. The following are regulations that are put in place to phase out the use of halons. The Montreal protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer- the Montreal protocol, signed by 25 countries on the 16th of September, 1987 is an international treaty for the control of the production and use of ozone depleting substances. It involves the restriction and eventual prohibition of the production, distribution and use of Ozone Depleting Substances. A copy of this document is attached in Appendix 1. The EC regulations: This European legislation was put in place to further tighten the restriction on the ban of ozone depleting substances. EC Regulation 3093/94 came into force on the 23rd of December 1994. EC Regulation 3093/94 is directly binding in all EU Member States and does not require any national implementing legislation. The new Regulation EC 2037/2000 came into force on 1 October 2000, replacing the Regulation 3093/94. The enforcement requires the use of bodies such as the HM Customs and Excise concerning import of controlled substances. The Department of the Environment proposes to implement these arrangements through enforcement regulations made under both the Environmental Protection Act 1990 s.140 and the European Communities Act 1972.(EC REGULATION) The new requirements are applicable to the production, distribution, use and recovery, and control of hazardous substances. The regulations also require the recovery of used controlled substances from certain equipment, s uch as fire protection systems, for disposal or recycling, during servicing and maintenance procedures of equipment. A copy of the regulation is attached to Appendix 2. The Victorian Environment Protection Legislation for the Control of Ozone Depleting substances (Victorian Government Gazette No.S57, 1990) this piece of legislation depicts the Australian governments compliance, reliance and advocacy to the implementation of the Montreal protocol on the phasing out of halon use [14]. Environmental Protection agency: Under the Clean Air Amendment, the United States Environmental Protection agency, EPA analysed various substances that could substitute fire extinguishing agents that destroy the ozone layer. These substances also have low global warming potential and low Atmospheric lifetime. The SNAP program (Significant New Alternatives Policy) is used by the EPA to replace the use of halons with environmentally friendly systems in the United States. The Clean Air Act was signed into law in 1990. With this Act, the US banned the production and import of new halons 1211, 1301 and 2402 from the 1st of January 1994 in compliance with the Montreal Protocol. The US government also imposed excise tax on halons through specialized training and proper recycling and disposal. Chapter Three: Halon Systems Halon is the generic name for bromine contained halogenated hydrocarbons. Halons systems were first installed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the gaseous form, halons are excellent fire extinguishers. Halons are mostly employed in situations where fire safety standards are high. Halons are identified by a four digit number. The numbering system is assigned by the number of carbon, number of fluorine, chlorine and bromine atoms respectively. Halon 1301, containing carbon, fluorine and bromine is used in total flooding applications while halon 1211, containing carbon, fluorine, chlorine and bromine is used as hand held portable extinguishers. The two common halon types described are effective in extinguishing classes A, B and C fires. These halons are preferred because they exhibited: high efficiency in suffocating combustion, availability in volume at reasonable cost, high storage stability, low electrical conductivity, as well as acceptable toxic properties. 3.1: Characteristics of Halons Halons interfere with the chemical reactions which take place during a fire. The properties of halons allow for its use in most situations and thus most of its applications are linked to particular characteristics. These principal applications include: Clean fire fighting agent: Halons leave no residue after use. This eliminates secondary damages and keeping loss caused by the fire to a minimum [12]. Electrically non-conductive: This property makes it suitable for safe application on fires involving electrical equipment. It will prevent exposure of fire fighters to electric shock. Low toxicity: This property makes halons acceptable and in most cases halon flooding systems are set in automatic mode by default. They can also be used to extinguish fires while people are present in the protected room. Halon flooding systems do not displace so much oxygen which can lead to suffocation[12] Rapid response: Halons are effective for rapid knockdown of flames. This property is mostly essential for class B fires involving liquid and liquefiable solids. Low concentration requirement: This means low quantity or amount of halons are required for extinguishment. It minimizes weight and space allowance [12]. Gaseous state: This allows for good penetration and effective extinguishment in confined spaces. Boiling point: The boiling point of about -4 allows it to be discharged (in the case of hand-held extinguishers) as a liquid for a while before it vaporises. This is a key requirement in some manual fire fighting applications.[12] Low heat of vaporisation: Halons will not condense to form water or ice in halon flooding systems. The most important advantage of halons is in its cost effectiveness. Halon fixed systems are the most cost effective of all extinguishing systems. 3.2: Extinguishing Mechanisms of Halons Halons extinguish fires both chemically and physically. Chemically they interfere with the chemical reactions that take place during the fire. This characterises halons as inhibitors. Radicals released during combustion to keep the fire burning are suppressed chemically by halons. This reaction is anti-catalytic. When halons are heated during combustion, they produce free radicals which compete with those produced by the original combustion process [2]. Halon 1301 produces bromine radicals which react with hydrogen free radicals to produce hydrogen bromide. The hydrogen bromide then reacts with hydroxyl radical to form water and bromide. The bromide released reacts with the combustion fire again and the whole cycle is repeated. The hydrogen and hydroxyl free radicals produced by combustion are greatly reduced in concentration by combining with the halogen free radicals produced by halons [3]. Where RH is the combustible fuel, XBr is a halon agent RH + O2 ENERGY OH + R â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.1 XBr ENERGY Br + Xâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.2 RH + Br HBr + Râ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.3 HBr + OH H2O + Brâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.4 RH ENERGY R + Hâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.5 H + Br HBrâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.6 The combination of bromine and hydroxyl radical is also an ozone destructive reaction: HOBr UV Br + OHâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.7 OH + O3 HO2 + O2..eqn3.8 Br + O3 BrO + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.9 BrO + HO2 HOBr + O2 â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.10 3.3: HALONS AND THE OZONE 3.3.1: The ozone layer The earth is enclosed by the atmosphere. This atmosphere is made up of a mixture of numerous gases in varying proportions. The atmosphere is further subdivided into three regions depending on temperature. These regions are: Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere. The word ozone is from a Greek word, ozein, for to smell. It is an allotropic form of oxygen having three atoms in each molecule. It is a pale blue, highly poisonous gas with a strong odour. [10] In its thickest part in the stratosphere, it is only a trace gas.. Ozone is highest in concentration, about 97%, in the stratosphere (15-60 kilometers above the Earths surface) where it absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is also highly concentrated at the Earths surface in and around cities. The buildup of ozone on the earths surface in and around cities is a result of industrial activities and is toxic to organisms living at the Earths surface. Table 3.1 shows the percentage volume composition of the constituents of atmospheric air *variable gases http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html Ozone is very reactive and a stronger oxidising agent than oxygen. It is used in purifying water, sterilising air, and bleaching certain foods. Ozone is formed when an electric spark is passed through oxygen. Ozone is prepared commercially by passing cold, dry oxygen through a silent electrical discharge [7]. Ozone formed in the atmosphere is from nitrogen oxides and organic gases emitted by automobiles and industrial sources [7]. This is achieved by short wavelength ultraviolet. This is actually a health hazard, and it may cause crop damage in some regions. Ultraviolet wavelengths less than 200 nanometer reacts with oxygen molecules to make ozone. O2 UV O + Oâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦eqn3.11 O + O2 O3 + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.12 The heat released here is absorbed by the atmosphere and results in a rise in temperature of the atmosphere. The structure of ozone has 3 oxygen atoms, but steric hindrance prevents it from forming a triangular structure, with each O atom forming the expected 2 bonds. Instead each atom of oxygen forms only 1 bond, with the remaining negative charge being spread throughout the molecule.[7] Ozone is very unstable. It is decomposed either by collision with monoatomic oxygen or by ultraviolet radiation on it. The decomposition causes ozone to form oxygen molecules. Heat is also released to the atmosphere by this reaction O + O3 O2 + O2â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.13 O3 UV O2 + O + Heatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.eqn3.14 Ozone is decomposed in the stratosphere to prevent highly energetic ultraviolet radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. 3.3.2: Halons and ozone depletion The ozone layer is mainly depleted by compounds containing chlorine and bromine. Halogens are a chemical family containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; any carbon compound containing them is known as a halocarbon. While all halogens have the ability to catalyze ozone breakdown, they have an unequal impact on the ozone layer. The quantity of halons released into the atmosphere is small relative to the number of gases present in the atmosphere. Yet they are more active in destroying the ozone or disrupting the ozone balance for two reasons: Ozone is in a constant state of imbalance, as it is destroyed and produced by natural processes. This process is controlled by solar input that does not undergo significant fluctuations. The stability of halons makes it transportable from the troposphere to the stratosphere where halogens are made active and broken down very fast, destroying ozone in the stratosphere. . The impact is described as depletion potential of the halocarbon. The OZONE DEPLETING POTENTIAL (ODP) is a simple measure of its ability to destroy stratospheric ozone. The ODP of compounds are calculated with reference to the ODP of CFC-11, which is defined to be 1. Thus ODP is a relative measure. A compound withan ODP of 0.2 is, roughly speaking, one-fifth as bad as CFC-11. The ODP of a compound x is expressed mathematically as the ratio of the total amount of ozone destroyed by a fixed amount of compound x to the amount of ozone destroyed by the same mass of CFC-11[8]: Global loss of Ozone due to x ODP(x) == â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..eqn3.15[8] Global loss of ozone due to CFC-11. The above expression depicts that the ODP of CFC-11 is 1.0 by definition. The uncertainties experienced in evaluating the global loss of ozone due to a compound are eliminated here since the mathematical expression is a ratio. Evaluating the ODP of a compound is affected by the following: The quantity of chlorine or bromine atoms in a molecule. The nature of the halogen, as bromine is a more ozone- destructive catalyst than chlorine. Atmospheric lifetime of the substance: The atmospheric lifetime of the halon is the time it takes for the global amount of the gas to decay to 36.8% of its original concentration after initial emission. Compounds with low atmospheric lifetimes have lower ODP because it is destroyed in the troposphere. Molecular mass of the substance: This is because ODP is evaluated by comparing equal masses and not number of moles. Table3.2 gives time-dependent and steady-state ODPs for some halocarbon in wide use. Compound Formula Ozone Depletion Potential 10yr 30yr 100yr Steady State CFC-113 CF2ClFCl2 0.56 0.62 0.78 1.10 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 1.25 1.22 1.14 1.08 Methyl Chloroform CH3CCl3 0.75 0.32 0.15 0.12 HCFC-22 CHF2Cl 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.05 Halon-1301 CF3Br 10.4 Zackhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09592929572618135151noreply@blogger.com0